When
Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
Section 1. The speaker remembers the lilacs and the evening star of the night of Lincoln's death. He feels April will be from now on a cruel month bringing the same sad association to him, mixing memory and pain of loss.
Section 2. The star, Lincoln, is setting in the west and the speaker's heart is gripped by thoughts of doom.
Section 3. The speaker sees the lilacs as signs of love and life around him and breaks a sprig, the image of his broken heart.
Section 4. He hears the bird in the distance singing a song of death just like the speaker who composes his elegy.
Section 5. and 6. The theme of the fallen star is picked up again this time in the form of Lincoln's funeral train carrying Lincoln's body through each State, each one a star paying respect to the head star.
Section 7. The speaker offers in mind his sprig of lilac not only to Lincoln but to all his fallen comrades, and to death in general including his own.
Section 8. He remembers the premonition he received from the evening star one evening a month ago while walking restlessly in the night. Only after the event can he understand the meaning of the strange mournful feeling he had then.
Section 9. The speaker also understands the meaning of the bird's song which will be interpreted fully later in the poem after he has exhausted the meaning of the fallen star.
Section 10. The speaker calls upon the east wind and west wind, from both oceans, to come and mix with the breath of his elegiac song to perfume the grave of Lincoln.
Section 11. and 12. The speaker begins to express the meaning that he grasps in the bird's song. Lincoln is dead, but life goes on, the nation goes on living and growing, life is triumphant.
Section 13. The bird's message persists while the speaker's thoughts are still overwhelmed by the painful loss of Lincoln.
Section 14. The speaker remembers the cheerful contemplation of life, the life of his land, (which has been the substance of Whitman's "Song of Myself") and how suddenly with the death of Lincoln the thought of death and doom fell like a dark cloud upon him, and will remain with him forever. How then he looked for an explanation, a consolation, a meaning to doom and pain of loss that he could accept. The bird song is the counterpart of his soul which still desires beauty and meaning in everything, especially death. The bird's carol is a hymn of consent, a
peaceful willing "yes" said to death conceived as a mother. Each stanza contains a metaphor of motherly love and childlike gratitude. Death is lovely and soothing; she has sure-enwinding, cool-enfolding arms; she is gliding near with soft feet; she is a strong deliveress; the body gratefully nestles close to her.
Section 15. Life, after the peaceful acceptation of death as deliverance, appears as a struggle, armies clashing in the night, from which the dead are delivered while the living go on struggling in pain and feeling of loss.
Section 16. It is the climax in which the lilacs, the star, and the bird's song echoing the song of the speaker's soul are inextricably knotted together. The speaker ceases also his isolated consideration of the star, the doom, the ineluctable destiny of man; he ceases also his isolated consideration of the lilacs, the pain of loss of the loved ones. Listening to the bird, the tally of his soul, the speaker finds that destiny is less tragic if welcomed like a loving mother; the pain of loss is less sharp if the loved one is seen as delivered from the pain of living. The star, the lilacs, and the bird form one single knot of reality in the deep recesses of the speaker's soul.
ÃD¦W¬° "Memories of President Lincoln"ªº»µ¸Ö¤@²Õ¦@¦³¥|º¡A³o¬O¨ä¤¤³Ì«nªº¤@º¡CªLªÖÁ`²Î©ó¤½¤¸¤@¤K¤»¤¦~¹J¨ë¨¤`¡C¼Æ¶g«á¡A´f¯S°Ò¼g¦¨¦¹¸Ö¡A«s±¥³o¬°°¶¤Hªº³u¥@¡C
³o¬O¤@º¡u°l¾Ð¡v¸Ö¡C§@ªÌÀRÀRªº¦^¾Ð³o¦ì¥Á±Ú^¶¯ªº¥h¥@¡A¤Þµo¤F¥L¤ßºüªº¿EÀú¡C´f¯S°Ò²¦¥Íºq¹|Æg´³oÓ¤£Â_¦¨ªøªº¥Á¥D°ê®a¡FªLªÖ´N¬O³oÓ¥Á¥D°ê®aªº»â³S¡C¦b´f¯S°Ò¤ß¥Ø¤¤¡AªLªÖ¥¿¬O¥L¥þ³¡§@«~¬¡¥Í¥Íªº¥Nªí¡C§@ªÌÓ¤H¤S¯S§O·q·R³o¦ì°¶¤jªº¤¸º¡A¦]¬°¥L»â¾É¥þ°ê¡A´ç¹L¤º¾Ô³oÓ¤jÃøÃö¡C±qªLªÖ¤§¦º¡A¸Ö¤HÃh©À³\¦h¦Û¤v©Ò·R¼}ªº¤Hª«¤§¦º¡A¥L³Õ·Rªº¯ÝÃÌÁÙ´¶¤Î©ó©Ò¦³ªº¦PM¡C¦P®É¥L¤]·Q¨ì¦Û¤vªº¦º¡C
¦b "Song of Myself" ªº²Ä¤»¸`¸Ì¡A§@ªÌªí¹F¤F¦Û¤v¹ï¦º¤`¼ÖÆ[ªº¬Ýªk¡G
The smallest sprout shows there is really no death,
And if ever there was it led forward life, and does not
wait at the end to arrest it,
And cease'd at the moment life appeared.
All goes onward and outward, nothing collapses,
And to die is different from what anyone supposed,
and luckier.§@ªÌ»{¬°¦º¤`¬O¥Ã¥Í¥²¸gªº¹Lµ{¡AµM¦Ó³oÓ©â¶Hªº·§©À¡A«o¦]µh¥¢»â³S¡Aµh¥¢¼°¤Í¡A¦A¦]©À¤Î¦Û¨ªº¦º¤`¦Ó¬ðµM¯}·À¡C¥Lªº¤H¥ÍÆ[©M¥L¹ï³o¦ì°¶¤H³u¥@ªº¹ê»ÚÅéÅçµLªk¿Ó©M¤@P¡C«eªÌ¹³¬O´¶·Óªº¶§¥ú¡A«áªÌ«o¹³¤@¤ù¯Q¶³¡AÅ¢¸n¤F¥L¨º¼ÖÆ[ªº·Qªk¡C¸Ö¤¤²Ä¤Q¥|¸`¡A²Ä¤@¡³¤K¨ì¤@¤@¤E¦æ¤§¶¡¡A·¥¥Í°Êªºªí¹F¤F³oºØÅéÅç¡C³o«K¬O³oº¸Öµ¹¤Hªº¥Dn·P¨ü¡A¥i¯à¤]¬O´f¯S°Ò¤@¥Íªº·P¨ü¡C¦¹¥~¡A¸Ö¤H§ó³B¤ß¿n¼{ªº·Qn½Õ©M¥Ù¬Þªº¤ß±¡¡A«ì´_¤ßÆFªº¥ÀR¡A¨Ã«Àò·s¥Íªº¼Ö½ì¡C¦A¥þ¸Öµ²§ô¤§³B¡A¤@¤Á²×©ó¦pÄ@¥HÀv¡C¹çÀR¦w¸Ô§JªA¤F¯ÉÂZ¿EÀú¡C
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ªLªÖ©ó¥|¤ë¤Q¥|¤é³Ä±ß¹J¨ë¡A¥¿È¬K¤Ñµµ¤B»²±¶}ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦Ó±ß¬P²´¬Ý´Nn¦è¨H¤F¡C´£¨ì³o¤£²»ªº¤@¤Ñ¡A´f¯S°Ò»¡¡G¡u§ÚÁÙ°O±o·í®É§Ú¦î¨¬ªº¦a¤è¡A¦¹®É¥¿¦¡¸U¶H§ó·sªº®ÉÔ¡A¦n¦hµµ¤B»²±¶}µÛ¡C¾ÌµÛ¤@®Éŧ¶i¸£¤¤ªº©_·Q¡A³ºµLºÝ¦aµ¹¥~ª«¬V¤W¤F¤@¼h¨Ã«D¥¦ì¥»¨ã¦³ªº¦â±m¡Cªá¨à²±¶}¡AªÚ»¼³»ó¡A§Ú«o±¡¤£¦Û¸T¦aÁp·Q°_¨º¤Ñ©Òµo¥Íªº´d¼@¡C¡v
¦b²Ä¤K¸`¸Ì¡A§@ªÌ»¡¨º±ß¬PÅý¥L¹w·P¨ìªLªÖ¤§¦º¤w¸g¬O¤@Ӥ뤧«eªº¨Æ¤F¡C
O western orb sailing the heaven,
Now I know what you must have meant as a month since
I walk'd,
As I walk'd in silence the transparent shadowy night,
As I saw you had something to tell as you bent to me . . .¦]¦¹¨C¬Ý¨ìµµ¤B»©M±ß¬P¡A§@ªÌ«K±¡¤£¦Û¸T¦a³s·Q¨ìªLªÖ¤§¦º¡G
Ever-returning Spring, trinity sure to me you bring,
Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west,
And thought of him I love.¸Ö¤¤¤H¦î¥ß "In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-washed palings" where "stands the lilac-bush." (²Ä¤T¸`)¦¹®É¥¿È¶À©ü®É¤À¡G"O shades of night" (²Ä¤G¸`)¨Ã¥B
In the swamp in secluded recesses,
A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song. (²Ä¥|¸`)¨H«ä¤¤ªº¸Ö¤H¦b®x¶é¸Ì¡A±q¤Ñ¤Wªº¬P¬P¡A¦a¤Wªºµµ¤B»¡A©M¤Ñ¤Wªº¸³¾³o¤TºØªF¦èùجݨì¦Û¤v¤ßÆF¤¤©â¶H½ÆÂøªº±¡ºü©¼¦¹¬Û·íªº¦³¦¹Ãþ¤ñ¡C¦b°ê¤g¤WªÅ¦è¨Hªº¬P«K¬O³u¥@ªºªLªÖ¡A¤w¬Gªº¦P¦ñ¡A¤]¬O±N¦ºªº¦Û¤v¡Cµµ¤B»ªí²{¥X¥L¹ïªLªÖ¡A¦P¦ñ¡A¥H¤Î©Ò¦³ªº¦PMªº·q·R¡A¦P®É¤]ªí¹F¥X¥L̪º¦º©Ò¤Ä¤Þ¥Xªº´d¶Ë¡C³¾¬O¤Ñ¦a¤§¶¡ªºÁpôª«¡A¡u©R¹B¡v©M¡u·R¼}»P´dºü¡v(§éÂ_ªºµµ¤B»ªáªK)¨âªÌ¶¡ªº¾ô¼Ù¡At¦³·¾³q½Õ°±ªº³d¥ô¡C
¸Ö¤¤¤H¾ÌµÛ¦Û¤vªº«äºû¡A§â¤TºØ¤£¦P»â°ìªº¦s¦bÁpô°_¨Ó¡A¦¨¤F¸Ö¤¤¤H¿ùºî½ÆÂøªº«ä·Q¡A·PIJ¡A©M±¡ºüªº«ÈÆ[§ë®g¡C
Lilacs and star and bird twined with the chant of my
soul. (²Ä¤Q¤»¸`)³oº¸Ö´`µÛ¤£¦Pªº«ä·Q©M·P±¡¦V«e±À¶i¡A¦³®É¬O¹ïªLªÖªº°l©À¡A¦³®É¬Oµh¥¢ªº·PÃh¡A¦³®É¬O¹ï¤@ªÑ¦º¤`ªº«ä¼{¡F´N¦n¹³¥æÅT¼Ö¤@¼Ë¡Aª÷¬P©Mµµ¤B»¨âÓ¥DÃD¥ý¶}©l©ñÁn»ô»ï¡A¦Ó³¾ªº¥DÃD«hèè§e¥Ü¡A·L·L¥i»D¡C³¾ªº¥DÃDº¥º¥¼W±j¡A²×©ó²T¨S¤Fª÷¬P©Mµµ¤B»ªº¥DÃD¡A¨Ã¥B§â¨âªÌ¦X¨Ö¦¨¬°¤@Ó©M©¶¡C
»y½Õ»P¶Ç²Î (Tone and Convention)
When Lilacs³oº¸Ö¬O¥H»µ¸Öªº»y½Õ¼g¦¨ªº¡C»µ¸Ö(elegy)¬O¤@ºØ«s±¥¸Ö¡A¥Î¥H«s±¥¬Y¤@Ó¤Hªº¥h¥@¡A©Î¥Î¥Hªí¹F¹ï¤@¯ë¥Í¦ºªº¬Ýªk¡C¦Ó¤ñ¸û¯S§Oªº¬OWhen Lilacs¤Þ¥Î¥Ð¶é»µ¸Ö(ÁõÄÝ»µ¸Öªº¤@ºØÃþ«¬)ªº¶Ç²Î¡C³o´N¬O»¡¡A¥»¸Öªº¥DÃD¦b«s±¥¬Y¤@Ó¤Hªº¥h¥@¡A¦Ó¦P®É¤S±j½Õ¬Y¨Ç¥Ð¶é¸Öªº¶Ç²Î¡C¸Ö¤¤Whitman¦Ü¤Ö¨Ï¥Î¤F¤CºØ±`¨£©ó¥Ð¶é»µ¸Öªº¶Ç²Î§Þ¥©¡G(1)«ÅºÙ¸Ö¤¤¤HªºªB¤Í©Î¦Ü¥æ(alter-ego)¤§³u¥@¡A¨Ã¤©¥H°l±¥¡F(2)¥H©Ò¿×¡u·P±¡ªºÂÕ»~¡v(Pathetic fallacy)¤âªk¡Aªí²{¦ÛµM¬Éªº¦P±¡»P«s¶Ë¡F(3)§âªá©ñ¸m¦b´Ã¬[¤§¤W¡F(4)´¦¥Ü¤@¶µ¼J§Ëªº¨Æ¹ê¡A§Y¸Uª«¦b¬K¤Ñ¸Ì´_µd¡A¦Ó¦ºªÌ«o»P¥@ªøÃã¡F(5)»P§Oªº«s±¥ªÌ¤@°_°Ñ¥[°e¸®ªº¦æ¦C(¸Ö¤¤WhitmanÂǵۥv¹ê¨ÏºØ¶Ç²ÎÅã±o¾ú¾ú¦pø)¡F(6)¹|´¦ºªÌ¡F(7)¦bµÎ©Z©M©M¿Óªº¤è¦¡¤Uµ²§ô¥»¸Ö¡C
Whitman©Ò¬Ù²¤ªº¥Ð¶é¸Ö¶Ç²Î¦³¤G¡C²Ä¤@¡GÁקK¤Þ¥Î§Æþù°¨¯«¸Ü(¦p¡uªL¬uªº¤k¯«¡A§A̦b¦ó¤è¡H¡vµ¥®æ¦¡)¡C²Ä¤G¡GÁקK´£¨ì¸Ö¤¤¤H©Î¦ºªÌªº¨p¨Æ¡A¥H§K¥»¸ÖµLªk·§½×²³¥Íªº¦º¤`(¦pMilton¦b©Ò¼gªº»µ¸Ö¤¤¡A±`ºÙKing¬° "Lycidas"§Y¥X©ó¬Û¦Pªº°Ê¾÷)¡C¤£¹L¥H¤W¥ô¦ó¤@ºØ¬Ù²¤³£¤£P·l®`¥»¸Öªºµ²ºc©M·N¸q¡C¨ä¬Ù²¤µ´«D¥Ñ©óWhitman¹ï¦¹¶Ç²ÎªºµLª¾¡C¥L¬Ù²¤²Ä¤@ÂI¬O¦]¬°¥L·R¡u²{¥N¡v³Ó©ó¡u¥j¨å¡v¡F¥L¬Ù²¤²Ä¤GÂI¬O¦]¬°¥L¤p¤ßÂÔ·V¡A¤£Ä@©¿µø¤@¯ë¥Í¦º¡A¦Ó¥uÅUªí´Ó¤H¡C
¤Ï½Õ»P±i¤O (Paradox and Tension)
°£¤F¤Wz¥Ð¶é¸Öªº¶Ç²Î¤§¥~¡A¥»¸ÖÁÙÀ³¥Î¤Ï½×(¦ü«D¦Ó¬Oªº¤âªk)©M±i¤Oªº¤âªk¡C¸Ö¤¤¡A«s±¥ªÌ±`±`µo²{¦Û¤v³B©ó¨âºØ¥Ù¬Þ¤§¶¡¡u¤Ï½×¡v¡A¦Ó¦b¥L·Q¸Ñ¨M³o¨Ç¥Ù¬Þ®É¡A¤Sµo²{¦Û¤v¤Ï¦Ó³´¤J¬YºØÀ¸¼@©Êªº½Ä¬ð¤§¤¤¡u±i¤O¡v¡C¦bWhen Lilacs³oº¸Ö¸Ì¡A³oºØ¤Ï½×»P±i¤Oªºªí²{¡A¤D¬O·½©ó¸Ö¤¤¤H·Q²Î¤@¨ä¤º¤ß½Ä¬ðªº°ò¥»¥ø¹Ï¡C¥L¤@®ÉµLªk§ÑÃhªLªÖ¤§¦º¡A¤@±¤S¤£±o¤£±µ¨ü³oºØÃø§K¤@¦ºªº¨Æ¹ê¡C±q«á±¹ï·N¶H»P¶H¼x¤è±©Ò§@ªº¶i¤@³¡¤ÀªR¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A³oº¸Ö¤£¶È¦b«s±¥ªLªÖÓ¤H¡A§ó¦bªí©ú¡u©ú´¼¦Ó¯«¸tªº¦º¤`¡v("sane and sacred death" (48))¤§·N¸q¡C¦º¤`¥»¨¨Ã«D¶Â·t¡A¦Ó¬O¤@ºØ¯«¯¦ªº¶Â·t¤§¥ú(the mysterious black light)¡F¨Ã«Dµ²§ô¡A¦Ó¬O¤@Ó·sªº¶}©l¡F¨Ã«D¯u¥¿¥h¥@¡A¦Ó¬O¤H¥ÍµhWªº¤@ºØ¸Ñ²æ¡CÃö©ó³oÂI¡AWhitmanÁöµMµL·N¥H¶Ç²Î°ò·þ±Ð´_¬¡ªº¬Ýªk¨Ó¤Ï¬M¥LªºÆ[ÂI¡A¦ý¬O¤U±³o¬q¸g¤å«o¬Æ¬°¤ÁÃD¡A¥i¥HÁ`µ²³oºØ¥Í¦º¤§¶¡ªº¤Ï½×²{¶H¡G
§Ú¹ê¹ê¦b¦bªº§i¶D§AÌ¡A¤@²É³Á¤l¤£¸¨¦b¦aùئº¤F¡A¤´Â¬O¤@²É¡FY¬O¦º¤F¡A
´Nµ²¥X³\¦h¤l²É¥X¨Ó¡C
-¬ù¿«ºÖµ²Ä¤Q¤G³¹²Ä¤G¤Q¥|¸`
¸Ö¤¤¤H²`ºEªLªÖ¤§¦º¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó»â®©»P§J¨î¦Óº¥º¥¯à°÷¸`«s¡C¥Lµo²{¥ÍªÌ¨üW¦Ó¦ºªÌ¦w®§¡F³o¨Æ¹ê¨Ï¥LÀò±o¼¢ÂÇ( "/ . . . / the / slain soldiers of the war / . . . were fully at rest, they suffer'd not, / The living remain'd and suffer'd" (179-182))¡C¸Ö¤¤¤H³s³s¥H¦h¤Ö¦ü«D¦Ó¬OªºÅÞ¿è±Ôz¥Lªº¼y©¯»P³ß®®¡F¦ý³o¨Ã«Dªí¥Ü¥L©ñ±ó©Î¿ò§Ñ¤F¥LÓ¤H¹ïªLªÖªº«s¶Ë¡A¦Ó¬O¥L¹ï¤H¥Í¦³¤F·sªº»â®©©M¬Ýªk¡C¦b¥»¸Öµ²§ô®É¡A¥Ñ©ó¸Ö¤¤¤H§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¤F¸Ñ¦º¤£¶È¬°¸Uª«©Ò¤£¯à§K¡A§ó¬O¤H¥ÍµhWªº¸Ñ²æ¡C¤@¦ý¤F¸Ñ¦ºªº¯u¸q¡A¸Ö¤¤¤H¤]´N¯à°÷®õµM±µ¨ü¡C¦p¦¹¡A¥Lº¥º¥ªº±Ã²æÓ¤H«sµhªºÑèÕÀ¡C¨ä±Ã²æªº¤è¦¡¡A³z¹L¥H¤U¹ï·N¶H»P¶H¼xªº¤ÀªR¥[¥H»¡©ú¡C
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·N¶H»P¶H¼x (Imagery and Symbolism)
¸Ö¤¤¤H±qµLªk¦Û¨îªº´d«sÂର®õµM©Ó¨ü¡A¨ä¹Lµ{¤£¬Oª½½uªº¦Ó¬O°j±Ûªº¡A¤£¬O¶¶ºZªº¦Ó¬O¿ðºÃªº¡A¤£¬OÅ޿誺¦Ó¬O·P±¡ªº¡CWhitman¦b¨äÃP´²¦Ó¨ãÅ]¤Oªº¸Ö¦æ¤¤¡A¤£¦bÁ¿¨D¶Ç²Îªºµ²ºc²Î¤@(structural unity)¡A¦Ó¦b¤ÏÂÐÀ³¥Î¤@®M·N¶H¥H»s³y²Î¤@ªº®ðª^¡C³o®M²§¶HÀô¶µÛ·íI´ºªº¥Dn¤TÓ¶H¼x(ª÷¬P¡Bµµ¤B»¡Bµe¬Ü³¾)¡A¶i¦Ó±j¤Æ¤F¸Ö¤Hªº±¡·P¡C±q§ó²`¤@¼hªº¶H¼x·N¸q¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¤TÓ¶H¼x»P«Å|¥X²{ªº¨ãÅé·N¶H¡A©¼¦¹¤§¶¡¬Û»²¬Û©Ó¡A¨Ï¥»¸Ö±o¦³¦h±©Êªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C²{¦bÅý§Ų́ӰQ½×¤@¤U¸Ö¤¤ªº¤@¨Ç·N¶H¸s¡C
¥Ñ©óWhen Lilacs¬O¤@º»µ¸Ö¡A¦ÛµM·|À³¥Î¤@¨Çªí¥Ü«s¶Ëªº¦r²´¡A¦p¡G
"droop'd" (2), "mourn'd" (3)
"tearful" (8), "dirge" (39)杭C
¤Sª½±µ´£¨ìdeath¦³¤Q¤K¦¸¤§¦h¡A¥t»P¨ä¦³¬ÛÃö³sªº¦r²´¦³¡G
"shroud" (29), "corpse" (31),
"grave" (31), "coffin" (32),
"cities draped in black" (35),
"crape veil'd women" (35),
"mournful" (41), "burial-house" (80),
"ghostly" (130), "battle-corpses" (177),
"white skeletons" (178),
"slain soldiers of the war" (179)杭C
¦b¸Ö¤¤°ß¤@»P "grief" ¬Û¤Ïªº¦r¬O "joy"©Î "joyously" (¥X²{¤¦¸)¡A¦Ó¥B³£¦ñÀHµÛ "death"¤@¦r©Î«e©Î«áªº¥X²{ (140, 148, 162, 190)¡C
Whitman¤§©Ò¥H¯à°÷³e¹ý¥L©Ò±j½Õªº¶H¼x¤âªk¡A¤D¬O¦]¬°³oºØ¤T¦ì¤@Åé(trinity)ªº¶H¼x³£¬O¨ú¦Û²{¹êªº¥@¬É¡C¥Lªº¨ãÅé·N¶H¥i¥H¤ÀÃþ¦p¤U¡G
(1) µøı·N¶H(Sight Images)¡G
°£¤F¤£®É´£¨ìªº "Lilacs" (¦@¤Q¤@¦¸)¥~¡A³Ì©úÅ㪺µøı·N¶H¤j©èªí¥Ü©ú·tªº¹ï¤ñ¡Cªí¥Ü¥ú©úªº·N¶H¦³¡G
"star" (¦@¥Î¤F¤Q¦¸), "day" (32),
"flambeaus" (37), "torches lit" (38),
"lustrous" (69), "lucid" (82),
"bright" (82), "sun" (83),
"burning" (84), "sparkling" (90),
"light" (91), "shining" (98)杭C
ªí¥Ü¶Â·tªº·N¶H¦³¡G
"shade" (8), "night" (8),
"black murk" (9), "surrounding cloud" (11),
"gray" (28), "shadow" (88),
"eve" (97), "dusk" (101),
"dark" (103), "dim" (206),
¦Ó "night"¤@¦r¦@¥Î¤G¤Q¤T¦¸¤§¦h¡C
(2) ťı·N¶H(Sound Images)¡G
µe¬Ü³¾¤§ºqªº·N¸q¡A¦Û©l¦Ü²×¤@¦A¥X²{¡G
"sings himself a song" (22), "chant a song" (48),
"I hear you call" (61), "pour your chant" (100),
"voice of uttermost woe" (103),
"O wondrous singer" (105),
"warble your ready song" (123),
"he sang the carol" (128), "glad serenades" (151),
"Loud and strong . . . / With pure deliberate notes spreading filing the might"
(164-165).
"Victorious song, death's outlet song, yet varying
ever-altering song. / As low and wailing, yet
clear and the notes, rising and falling, flooding
the night, / Sadly sinking and fainting, as
warning and warning, and yet again bursting with
joy, / Covering the earth and filling the spread
of the heaven, / As that powerful psalm in the
night I heard" (188-192).
"wondrous chant" (199). "talling chant" (200), 杭C
(3) IJı·N¶H(Touch Images)¡G
"hands that hold me" (10),
"surrounding cloud" (11),
"carrying" (31), "I cover you over" (50),
"I break, I break" (52), "loaded arms I come" (53),
"breeze in the cool transparent" (62),
"sea-winds blown" (73),
"fresh sweet herbage under foot and the pale green leaves" (84),
"just-felt breezes" (94), "gentle soft-born" (95),
"miracle spreading bathing all" (96),
"enveloping man and land" (98),
"O, liquid and free and tender" (104),
"star-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death" (142),
"gliding near with soft feet" (143),
"Lost in the loving floating ocean of thee" (149),
"Laved in the flood of thy bliss O death" (150),
"body grate fully nestling close to thee" (158),
"freshness moist" (167)杭C
(4) ¨ýı·N¶H(Taste Images)¡G
"wheat" (29), "grain" (29),
"apple" (30), "corn" (92),
"coming eve delicious" (97),
"fields of spring crops" (109),
"meals" (105), ©M "sweetest wisest soul" (204)¡C
(5) ¶åı·N¶H(Smell Images)¡G
"perfume" (14, 72, 167), "mastering odor" (107),
"fragrant pines" (206)¡C
¥H¤W¬O¹ï·P©x·N¶Hªº¤ÀªR¡C§ÚÌŪ±o®ÉÔ¤£n©¿²¤¤FWhitman¹ê»Ú³B²z¥»¸Öªº®ÉÔ¡A¥Dn¬OÂǵۤTÓ¥Dn¶H¼x(µµ¤B»¡Bª÷¬P¡A©Mµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq)ªºÆF¬¡¹B¥Î¡C¸Ö¤¤¤£¶È¹ï³o¤TÓ¶H¼x¥[¥Hªí±ªº´y¼g¡A§ó¥H¦¹¬°I´º¡A±N¥DÃD¯M¦«¥X¨Ó¡C³o¥DÃD´N¬O§Æ±æ¤HÃþ¤£n¥Ñ©ó¥LÌ´d¼@©Êªº©R¹B¦Ó¹L¤À®ø·¥ÀZ¼o¡AÀ³¯à±µ¨ü¦º¤`ªº¦ÒÅç¡A¬O¦º¤`¬°¤H¥ÍWÃøªº¬@±ÏªÌ¡C¦b¦¹¥DÃDªº§e²{¹Lµ{¤¤¡Aµµ¤B»¶H¼x¦º¤`©M¦A¥Í¡Aª÷¬P¶H¼x´d¼@©R¹B»P¤H¥Íªºµu¼È¡Fµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¶H¼x¦º¤`¬O¤H¥Íªº¸Ñ²æ¡C
³o¤TÓ¶H¼x§â¥DÃD´¶¹M¤Æ¡A¦ÓÀô¶µÛ³o¨Ç¶H¼x¡A¨ã¦³¥¿Å§@¥Îªº·N¶H¸s«h§â¥DÃD¨ãÅé¤Æ(µµ¤B»¡G¥Íªø¡A»®ð¡AÃC¦â¡Fª÷¬P¡G¶Â·t¡A¥ú©ú¡AÁô¥h¡Fµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¡G¸Ö¤¤¤H¤§ºq)¡C³oº¸Ö¬O»¡©ú¤å¾Ç¨ã¦³¡u¨ãÅé´¶¹M©Ê¡v(concrete universal)ªº¨M¦n¹ê¨Ò¡C¥Ñ©ó¨CÓ¶H¼x³£¬O¤@ºØ¹êª«¡A©Ò¥Hµµ¤B»¡Aª÷¬P©Mµe¬Ü³¾¤§¶H¼x³£¨ã¦³¦UºØ·P©x¥i¤Î©M©â¶H«äºû¥i¹FªºÄÝ©Ê¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¨ä¶H¼x·N¸qªºµo®i¡A¤j³¡¤À±o¦Û¦UºØ¤£¦P·P©xÄÝ©Ê»P©â¶H·§©Àªº·»¦X¡C¦]¦¹¡A·P©xÄݩʪº¤£¦P«h·|¾ÉP¶H¼x·N¸qµo®iªº®t²§¡C¥Ñ¦¹Æ[¤§¡A¾A¤¤ªº¶H¼x³£¬O¸Ö¤H¦b²`«ä¼ô¼{«á¤~¿ï¾Ü¥X¨Óªº¡Cµµ¤B»¨ã¦³ªá¸ªºÃC¦â¡A¤ß«¬ªº¸¤ù¡A¦y¦yªºªá¦·¡A©M¤@ºØ¤£¥i®»ºN¦Ó¤SÄjº©¦U³BªºªâªÚ¡Cª÷¬P¦b¶Â·t¤¤®g¥X¥ú¨~(¦b¤@¯ëªº©]±ß©MÂaÄgªº¶³¤¤³£¤@¼Ë)¡A¦Ó¨ä¿ð½w¦Ó²øÄYªº¹B¦æ«h¦³¨H¸¨»P¥l³êªº·t¥Ü¡Cµe¬Ü³¾¨ã¦³¦Û¨ªºÃC¦â¡A´Ï®§©óªâªÚªºªh¿A¡AÁô¨©ó¶Â·tªº¼Æ¤¤ºq°Û¡C³o¨Ç¶H¼xªºÄÝ©Ê¡A¥]¬A¤F¦UºØ·P©xªº·N¶H¡F³o¨Ç¶H¼x¥[¤W¥¦ÌªºI´º¤Î¨ä©Ò¥Nªíªº©â¶H·N¸q©Òµ¹¤HªºÁp·Q¡A¨Ï³o¨Ç¶H¼xªºÄݩʯà°÷§@¶i¤@¨Bªºµo®i¡C
¥¿¦]¬°³o¤TÓ¶H¼x³£»P¶g¦Ó´_©lªº¬K¤Ñ¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡A©Ò¥H¥¦Ì¤£¦ý·|´£¿ô¸Ö¤¤¤H¡A¥s¥L¥Ã»·°O±o¥L©Ò·q·Rªº¤H¡A§ó¨Ï¥Lªº°O¾Ð¦â±mÂA©ú¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥»¸Ö¬O¥HªLªÖ¨ä¨Æ¬°¥D¡A¦Ó«D¥HªLªÖ¨ä¤H¬°¥D(¥Lªº¦W¦r¨Ã¥¼¦b¸Ö¤¤©ú½Tªº¹D¥X)¡C¦b¸Ö¤¤¡A¥Ñ©óWhitman¹ï¶H¼xªº¥©§®¹B¥Î¤w¸g¶W¶V¤F¯S«ü¬Y¨Æªº¨î¡A©Ò¥H·íWhitman´î§CÓ¤H«s¶Ë®É¡A¥L¦P®ÉÄÄ©ú¤F³oÓ´d¼@ªº§t·N¤w¸g¶W¶V¤F°ê¬É¡C¸Ö¤¤ªº¶H¼x¬Û¤¬«Å|¡A¤£¥i¤ÀÂ÷¡A¦ý«o²M´·¥i¿ë¡C¬°¤F«K©ó¤ÀªR¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H³v¤@°Q½×¨ä°ª«×ªº½ÆÂø©Ê¡C·íµM¡A§Ṳ́]¤£n§Ñ¤F¦pWhitman©Ò»¡ªº¡G¡uµµ¤B»¡A¬P¬P©M³¾»P§Úªº¤ßÆF¤§ºq¥æ´Ãø¤À¡v("Lilacs and star and bird [are] twined with the chant of my soul" (205)¡C)
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¡@µµ¤B»ªº¶H¼x (Lilac Symbolism)
µµ¤B»¶H¼x¹ï¤@¦ì°¶¤H¥Ã«í¤£Åܪº·R(enduring love)¡C¡u¥Ã«í¤£ÅÜ¡v¬O«üµµ¤B»¤£Â_ªºÁc´Þ»P¦A¥Íªº¯à¤O¡Cµµ¤B»ªº«ù¤[Ác´Þ¤O¡A¨ä¶H¼xªº·N¸q¸g©P¾D·N¶H¸s¤§Å¨¦«§ó¨£²`¨è¡CÄ´¦p¡G
"blooming perennial" (5), "tall growing" (13),
"many a pointed blossom rising delicate" (14),
"heart-shaped leaves of rich green" (16),
"endless grass" (28), "growing spring" (81),
"fresh sweet herbage" ©M "trees prolific" (84),
"far-spreading prairies cover'd with grass and corn" (92),
"lilac blooming, returning with spring" (194)¡C¦P®É "enduring" ¤@¦r¦b¶H¼x·N¸q¤¤ÁÙ±a¦³¿Ø¨ëªº·N¨ý¡F¤]´N¬O»¡¡Aµµ¤B»ªº¥Í©R¤O»P¥Íªø¤O¡A¨ä©ô²±ªº±¡§Î»PªLªÖ¤§¦º§Î¦¨¤@ºØ¥i¯ºªº¹ï¤ñ¡C
¥t¤@¤è±¡Aµµ¤B»¤]¶H¼xªLªÖ¬O¤@¦ì¨ü¤H·q·Rªº¤H¡C¦b¥Ð¶é±ß¸Ö¤¤¡Aªá»P·R¸g±`¬ÛÃD¨Ã½×¡C¦b¥»¸Ö¤¤¡A¡u¤ß«¬ªº¸¤ù¡v("heart-shaped leaves")´¿´£¨ì¤T¦¸(13, 16 193)¡F¦b "the perfume strong love" (14) ³o¦æ¤¤¡A·í "perfume"³oÓ¦rÁÙ¨S»P "leaves" ³s¦b¤@°_¤§«e¡A´N¦b "what shall my perfume be for the grave of him I love" (73) ©M "I'll perfume the grave of him I love" (77) ¨â³B¥X²{¡C±µµÛ¸Ö¤¤¤H¬°ª÷¬P»Pµµ¤B»ªº "mastering odor" ©Ò½]©µ¦Ó¥¼¯à§Y¨è±µ¨üµe¬Ü³¾ªºÄm°Û¡C¤@ª½µ¥¨ì¥L»P "the knowledge of death" ©M "the thought of death" ¤TªÌ¥æµ²¦¨¦ñ®É¡A¸Ö¤¤¤H¤~¯à²âÅ¥µe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¡A»â®©¨ä¤¤ªº¯u¸q¦Ó©ZµM©Ó¨ü¦º¤`ªº¥´À»¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W³o¤TÓ¶H¼x³£»P¡u·R¡v¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡Fµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºqªí¥Ü¹ï¦ºªÌ´d±¤§·R¡Fª÷¬P´N¬OVenus¡A¦ÓVenus¬O·Rªº¤k¯«¡Fµµ¤B»¨ã¦³¤ß«¬ªº¸¤ù¡A§ó´²¥X¤@ªÑ·RªºÄÉ»¡C
¤Q¤G¦æ¨ì¤Q¤C¦æ¶¡¡A¼sªx¦Ó¥Í°Êªº´yzµµ¤B»ªºÁc²±¡A¨ä¥Î·N¦b¨è¹º³Ì«á¤@¦æ²³æ¦³¤Oªº°Ê§@¡G"A sprig with its flower I break"¡C³o¤p¤pªºÁ|°Ê¨Ï¥»¸Öªº¤¤¤ß«ä·Q±o¥Hµo®i¤U¥h¡C¥Ñ©ó³oÁ|°Ê¡A¸Ö¤¤¤Hº¥º¥¯à°÷®õµMªº©Ó¨ü¥Lªº·P±¡¤Wªº´d«s¡C¦]¬°µµ¤B»¬O¥Í©R¡A¦¨ªø©M·Rªº¶H¼x(¨äÄÉ»«üªº¬Oºë¯«¤è±ªº·R)¡A©Ò¥H§éªKªº°Ê§@¤@±ªí¥ÜªLªÖªº¥Í©R¾î¾DºIÂ_¡A¤@¤è±¶H¼x¸Ö¤¤¤H´d±¤§·Rªº¶}ºÝ¡C³oºØ·N¸q¥i¥Î¤U±ªº¸Ö¦æÁ`µ²¡G
Here, coffin that slowly passes,
I give you my sprig of lilac. (44-45)¦bÆF¬^¤W©ñ¸m³oºØ¦â±m²L²H®ð¨ýªâªÚªºªá¦·¡A¤£¶È¬O¤@ºØ²`±¡ªº¼Ð»x¡A§ó¬O¤@ºØ§â¥Í©R©^Ämµ¹¦ºªÌªº¶H¼x¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¸Ö¤¤¤H´Á±æ¦b¦ÛµM¬É¤§¤¤¡A¤Hªº¥Í©R¤]¯à¥Í¥Í¤£®§¡AÁöµM¦b¦¹¡AWhitmanªºÆ[ÂI¨Ã¤£¤@©w·t¥ÜµÛ°ò·þ±Ð¹ï¦º¤`ªº¶Ç²Î¬Ýªk¡C±q¥|¤Q¤»¦æ¨ì¤¤Q¥|¦æ¡A¦b´n¬A©Êªº±Ôz¤¤¡A³oºØ°Ê§@ªº¶H¼x·N¸q§ó¬°¥[±j¡G¸Ö¤¤¤H»¡¡A¥L¬°©Ò¦³¦ºªÌ±a¨Ó¤Fº¡ÃhªºÂAªá¡C¤£ºÞ³o¨Ç¬Oª´ºÀ¡A¦Ê¦X¡A©Îµµ¤B»¡A¥Lµ¹¤©¦ºªÌ³oºØ "ever-returning spring" ªºªí¼x¡C¬Ý¨ì¤Fªáªº¥Í©R¥Ã¥Í¤£®§¡A¦Ó¤H«o¦³¨ä¤j¡A¸Ö¤¤¤H¹ï¦ºªº·P¶Ë¤]´N¯q§Î¼W±j¡C
¦b¥»¸Ö¤¤¡A§ÚÌ«Ü®e©ö§âª÷¬P©MªLªÖÁp·Q¦b¤@°_¡C¸Ö¤¤Whitmanª½±µ¥Î "great" (2, 9), "lustrous" (69, 97, 201)©M "powerful" (7)¨Ó§Î®e³o¤Þ¾É¤§¥ú¡C¦b¡u¦è¤Ñ¡v("western sky" (2, 7))¤§¬P¤]·t¥Ü¤FªLªÖ¥X¥Í©M¦w¸®ªº¦a¤è¡CHardin County, Kentucky¡C¥¿¦pµµ¤B»¶H¼xµÛ¥Í¥Í¤£®§¡Aª÷¬P¤]¶g¦Ó´_©lªºÁô¨S¦ó¦Aª@¡C¦P®É¦p«e±©Ò»¡ªº¡A³o¶À©ü¥X²{ªºª÷¬P¤]¬O·R¯«Venusªº¶H¼x¡C¦b¥j¥Nªº¯«¸Ü¤¤¡AVenus¬OAdonisªº·R¤H¡A¥Nªí·R±¡»P¥Í©RÁclªºªk«h¡A¥H¤Î¦ÛµM¬É¦b¬K¤Ñ´_µdªº²{¶H¡C
¥t¤@¤è±¡Aª÷¬Pªº¶H¼x·N¸q¨£©ó "drooping" (5, 201), "sad" (64), ©M "fallen" (6)µ¥×¹¢»yµü¤¤¡C¥¦¥Nªí¦º¤`¨Ã¨ãÅéªí²{¸Ö¤H¥»¨¹ïªLªÖ¤§¦ºªº«s¶Ë¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦¹¬Pªº¨H¸¨§Y¬OªLªÖ¥h¥@ªº¼x¥ü¡C¦b³o¨à¡Aª÷¬P±a¦³¼J¿Øªº·N¨ý¡C³oÁû¶À©ü¬P(¦b©]¶¡¥X²{ªº²Ä¤@Áû¬P¬P)³º¬°¥|©Pªº¯Q¶³( "black murk" (9), "surrounding cloud" (11))©Ò¾B½ª¡A¦Ó³oÀô¶¦b¥|©Pªº¯Q¶³²×¨Ï³o¤@¬PÅé¦r¥@¬É¤¤®ø¥¢¡C
³oÁû¥ú¨~¤w¥¢ªº±ß¬P¡A¦P®É¤]¶H¼x³Q¨ëªºªLªÖ(§Y¨ÏªLªÖ¥XÂlªº¦æ¦C¡A¤]³Q§Î®e¦¨¤@¤ù¯Q¶³)©MWhitmanªº´d¶Ë(´N¬O¨H¨Sªºª÷¬P©Ò¯d¤Uªº¦º¤`©M¥¢¸¨·P)¡C¦p¸Ö¤¤©Ò»¡ªº¡G "The star my departing comrade holds and detains me" (70), µM¦Ó³oºØ½]©µ¥u¬Oµu¼Èªº¡F·í¸Ö¤¤¤H¤@»â®©µe¬Ü³¾ºqÁnªººë¸q¡Aª÷¬P´NµLªkÅù¯d¥L¤F¡C©Ò¥H¥L»¡¡G"you only I hear-yet the star holds me, (but will soon depart)" (106)¡C
µµ¤B»©Mª÷¬P½]©µµÛWhitman¡A¨Ï¥L«s±¥ªLªÖ¤£¤w¡C¦¹®É¡Aµe¬Ü³¾«o°Û¥X§t·N²`»·ªººqÁn¡G¦pªGWhitman¯à°÷±µ¨ü¡u¦º¤`¡v¡A¥L´N¯àÄÀµM©óÃh¡C³¾Án¨Ï¥L»â®©¨ì¦º¤`¤D¦t©z¶¡¥²µMªº²{¶H¡A¦P®ÉÁÙ¦³¸Ñ°£¤H¥ÍµhWªº§®¥Î¡C²¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A³o°¦Áô©~ªºµe¬Ü³¾¤D¬O¤Æ¸ÑWhitman»Pµµ¤B»¡Aª÷¬PÂù¤è¹ï«Ï²{¶Hªº¶H¼x¡C
³o°¦³¾¥ý¬O¦b²Ä¤Q¤K¦æ¥H¤U¼Æ¦æ¥X²{¡CÁöµM§é¤@ªKµµ¤B»¥i¥H¸Ñ°£¸Ö¤H³¡¥÷ªº«s¶Ë¡A¥i¬O¥u¦³µ¥¨ì¥L»Pµe¬Ü³¾¿Ä¦Ó¬°¤@®É¡A¥L¤~¯à²b°£¥L¤ß¤¤ªº¤@¤Á«s¶Ë¡C³o°¦µe¬Ü³¾¦³²§©ó¥Íªø¦b®x°|¸Ì¶H¼x¥Í©Rªºµµ¤B»¡A¥¦²ÛÀßÁôÂÃ( "shy and hidden" (191))¡AÂ÷¸s¯Á©~( "withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlement" (21))¡C©Î³\§ÚÌ¥i¥H»¡¡A¦â±mÂAÆv¡B»®ð¿@¯Pªºµµ¤B»¥NªíµÛ¦×Å骺¥Í©R¡A¦Ó³B¨©t¿W¡A±yµM¦Û°Ûªºµe¬Ü³¾«h¥NªíµÛºë¯«¥Í©R¡G
Song of the bleeding throat,
Death's outlet song of life, (for well dear brother
I know,
If thou wast not granted to sing thou would'st
surely die (23-25)¡C)µe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq³QºÙ¬° "death's outlet song of life" ¬O¦]¬°¥¦Æg¹|¦º¤`¬°ÀòP§ó¶i¤@¼hºë¯«¥Í©Rªº°ß¤@³~®|¡C³]¨Ïµe¬Ü³¾¤£¯àºq°Û¡A¤]¨S¦³¥t¤@Ó¥@¬É¨Ñ¨äÆg¹|¡A¥¦¯uªº´Nn¡u¦W²Å¨ä¹êªº¦º¥h¡v( "surely die") (ºë¯«ªº©I³ê¤]·|½p¤f®øÁn)¡C¦b¾ãӲĥ|¸`¤¤¡A¸Ö¤H¤@±¬°µe¬Ü³¾ªº¯«¯¦ºqÁn©Ò§l¤Þ¡A¤@±¬°µµ¤B»°g¤Hªº¤O¶q©ÒÅù¯d¡C¦Ü¦¹¡A¦×Åé¥Í©Rªº§l¤Þ¤O¤´µM±j¹Lºë¯«¥Í©R¤Oªº§l¤Þ¤O¡F¸Ö¤¤¤HÁÙn¤@¬q®É¶¡¤~¯à®ø°£ªLªÖÂßÅ餧¦º¦b¥L¤ß¤¤©Ò¯d¤Uªº«s¶Ë¡C
¦P¼Ëªº¤ÀªR¾A¥Î©óª÷¬Pªº¶H¼x¥H¤Î¥¦»Pµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C¸Ö¤H¦b¤£¤[¤§«á´N»â®©¨ìµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¥i¥H½w©Mª÷¬P©Ò¶H¼x¹ï¦º¤`ªº·P¶Ë¡C¥L§i¶D¨º¡u®`²Û¦Ó·Å¬Xªº¡v( "bashful and tender")ºq°ÛªÌ»¡¡G¡u§Ú¦A¬y³s¤ù¨è¡A¦]¬°¨ºÀéÄꪺ¬P¬PÅù¯dµÛ§Ú¡v( "But a moment I linger, for, the lustrous star has detained me" (69))¡C³o´N¹³µµ¤B»Åù¯d¥Lªº±¡§Î¤@¼Ë¡CµM¦Ó¡A¤@¦ýªLªÖ¤§¦º©Ò¤Þ°_ªºÓ¤H«s¶Ë®ø°£¤§«á¡A¥L¥ß§Y©b¦Vªh¿A¡A²âÅ¥¨Ã¸àÄÀµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¡C³oµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¦¨¬°¤@ºÆg¬üºq¡A¦b¡u¦º¡vªº¯¬ºÖ¤U¡A§Ö¼ÖªºÆg¹|¡u¯ÝÃh²M²Dªº¡y¦º¤`¡z¤§ºò©êªºÂùÁu¡v( "the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death" (142))¡C¦b²âÅ¥¤F¨ºÁô©~ªºµe¬Ü³¾ºq°Û¤§«á¡A¸Ö¤HÀò¦Ü¤@ºØ¯«¯¦ªº¬}¹î¤O¡A¦Ó²×¯à¶W¶V¡u¦è¨Hªº±ß¬P¡v( "drooping star" (5))¡C¨º³¾ªººqÁn¨Ï¸Ö¤H»{ÃÑ¥t¤@ºØ¤H¥Í¡A¨Ï¥LÅé»{¦º¬O½á¤©·s¥Íªº¬@±ÏªÌ¡A¤]¬O¨¬¨Ï¤H¦w®§ªº¼¢°Ý¤H¡C¦bÀòP³oºØ¤F¸Ñªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡Aµe¬Ü³¾¥Nªí¤@ºØ®õµM©Ó¨üªºÁnµ¡C¸Ö¤¤¤H¦]¦Ó§ó¯à¤F¸Ñ¦b³Ð³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¦º¤`À³¦ûªº¦a¦ì¡C¦p¦¹¡A¤]´N§ó¯à©Ó¨üªLªÖªº¥h¥@¤D¬O¦ÛµMªºªk«h¡C
¥t¥~ȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡Aµe¬Ü³¾¥u¦b¥Í¨|ªº©u¸`ºq°Û¡A¦Óºq°Ûªº¥DÃD(§Y¦º¤`)«h³Qµø¬° "Dark mother" (43) ¨º´N¬O»¡¡A¦o¦b³Ð³y·s¥Í©R®É¡A±a¨Ó·Rªºº¡¨¬©M²×·¥ªº§Ö¼Ö¡C§Ṳ́]ª¾¹Dµe¬Ü³¾¤§ºq¦P©óWhitman¤§ºq¡F¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¥L̪ººq°Û¬Û¤¬©IÀ³( "tally" (163))¡FWhitman©Mµe¬Ü³¾ªº¦a¦ì¤]´N¬Û¦P¤F¡C¦¹®É¥L±ÃÂ_¤F¿£¥L©ó¦×Åé¥Í©RªºÃ·¯Á¡C¤@¥¹±Ã²æ¡A¥L´N¯à©Mµe¬Ü³¾¤@°_¸¦V "the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death" (142)¡C³oºØ±¡§Î¥i¥Î¤U¹Ïªí¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡A¹Ï¤¤§â³¾µe¦¨¹³Whitman°_º¦r¥À "W" ªº¼Ë¤l¡A¤wªí¥Ü³Ì«á¤H³¾¦X¤@ªº±¡§Î¡C
¾¨ºÞ³o¤TÓ¥Dn¶H¼x¦U¦³¨ä¯S©Ê¡A¦ý¥¦Ì¤§©Ò¥H«n¡AºÝ¦b¥¦Ì©¼¦¹¶¡ªºÃö³s©Ê¡CWhitman°£¤F«ÅºÙ¥Lªº¹|ºq¥i¬°¬Ü³¾¤§ºqªºÆF»î¥S§Ì (soul brother) ¤§¥~¡A¥Lı±o³o¤TÓ¶H¼x¥i¥H³e¦ê¦¨¤@Ó¦³¾÷ªº¾ãÅé¡G
O liquid and free and tender!
O wild and loose to my soul -- O wondrous singer!
You only I hear -- yet the star holds me, (but will soon
depart,)
Yet the lilac with mastering odor holds me. (104-107)¦b³o¥|¦æ¸Ö¤¤¡A¥L§âťı¡Bµøı©M¶åıµ¥¦UºØ·P©x¤Wªº¦L¶H¿Ä¦X¦b¤@°_¡A¨äµ{«×´N¹³¤@Ó¤H¦b«b¨º¶¡©Ò±o¨ìªº§¹¾ã¦L¶H¤@¼Ë¡C¦AªÌ¡A¥L¥H "liquid" ·t¥Ü¥L³Ì³ßÅwªº¨ººØIJ·P©M¬y°Ê¡F¥H "wild and loose" ¤Äµe¥X¥L³Ì¾Õªøªº§Î¦¡¡F¥H "free and tender" ¥]®e¥L·P±¡³Ì¬üªº¤@Àô¡C
¬°¤FnŨúWhitmanªºª`·N¡A³o¤TÓ¥Dnªº¶H¼x¬Û¤¬ºc¦¨À¸¼@©Êªº½Ä¬ð¡A¨ä±¡ªp´N¹³ºtû¦b»R¥x¤Wªíºt¤@¼Ë¡C¦b²Ä¤E¸`¸Ì(60-70)¡Aµe¬Ü³¾¶}©l»Pª÷¬P¬Ûª§¡A¥H¨äÀò¨ú¸Ö¤Hªºª`·N¡C¤S±q¸Öªº¤¤¬q¨ìµ²§ô(60-206)¡A³oºØ¬Û¥¸ªº¤O¶q§Î¦¨¸Öªº±i¤O¡A¦P®É¤]ºc¦¨¥»¸Öªº°ò¥»§Î¦¡¡Cº¥ý¦²¤Þ¸Ö¤Hªº¤@ªÑ¤O¶q¬OªLªÖ¤§¦º©Ò³ê°_ªºÓ¤H«s¶Ë(¥Hª÷¬P©Mµµ¤B»¶H¼x¤§)¡C³o¼Ë©¹´_²o¤Þ¡A¤@ª½¨ìÆF¬^©è¹F¨ä³Ì«á¦w®§ªº¦a¤è¬°¤î¡C§Y¨Ï³oÓ®ÉÔ¡A¸Ö¤H¤´µM¨S¦³§Ñ¤F¥L¤ß¤¤ªº¥¢¸¨¡A¥u¬O¦¹¨è¥L¥i¥H¤£°¾¤£Êªº±µ¨ü³o¤TÓ¶H¼x¦Ó»¡¨ì¡G¡uµµ¤B»¡B¬P¬P»P³¾©M§Úªº¤ßÆF¤§ºq¥æ´Ãø¤À¡v( "Lilac and star and bird [are] twined with the chant of my soul" (205))¡C¬P¬P©M³¾¤£¦A¬Û¤¬±Æ¥¸¡F¥¦Ìªº¤O¶q³z¹L·R¡B¤F¸Ñ¡A©Ó¨ü¦Ó¦X¦Ó¬°¤@¡C©Ò¥H»¡¡AWhen Lilacs¤£¶È¬O¤@º«s±¥ªLªÖ¤§¦ºªº»µ¸Ö¡A¦P®É¤]¬O¤@º±´°Q¦º¤`¥»¨ªºõ²z¸Ö¡C³z¹L¹ïµµ¤B»¡A¬P¬P©Mµe¬Ü³¾ªº¶H¼x¨Ï¥Î¡A¸Ö¤H¸g¹L¡u«s¦Ó·R¡vªº®Èµ{¡A©è¹F±µ¨ü¦º¤`ªº²×¯¸¡C
¸Ö»Pµ¼Ö¦P¬°ÃÀ³N¤¤¸û¬°¬Ûªñªº¨âÀô¡A½×¸`«µ¡AÃý«ß¡A±j®z¡A«×µ¥µ¥¡A¨âªÌ³£»á¦h¬Û³q¤§³B¡C¦Ó¥»¸Ö§@ªÌWhitman©Mµ¼ÖªºÃö«Y¡A¦ü¥G§ó¬°±K¤Á¡Aȱo°µ§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº±´°Q¡C¾Ú·sªñµoªíªº¤åÄm©Ò¥Ü(½Ð°Ñ¾\ Musical Influence on American Poetry, pp. 161-209)¡AWhitman¬O¤@¦ì¹ïµ¼Ö»á¦³×¾iªº¸Ö¤H¡C¥L¦í¦b¯Ã¬ù¡A±q¨Æ½s¿è¤u§@¡A©T¦³¸û¦hªº¾÷·|®Úµ¼Ö±µÄ²¡C¥L±`¥hµ¼Ö·|²â½à¡A¤£½×ºq¼@¡A¾¹¼Ö¦±¡AµL©Ò¤£¦n¡A¨C¦¸¦b²â½à«á»³¼g¨Ç«Ü¦³¨£¦aªºµû½×©M·PIJ¡C¦A»¡¡A¥LôôJeff¤S¬O¤@¦ì¤p´£µ^¤â¡C¦]¦¹¡Aµ¼Ö©M¥L»á¦³¤@¬q½t¥÷¡C
¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸ªº¬ü°ê¡A¬O¨©¦hªâªº¶Àª÷®É¥N¡AWhitman¹ï¨©¦hªâªº¼vÅT¦ü¥G«Ü¤j¡A¨â¤H¤§¶¡¦³«Ü¦h@¤H´M¨ýªº¬Û¦ü¤§³B¡GÄ´¦p»¡¡A¥L̳£·¥·R¦n¦ÛµM¡A¥B±N¦Û¤vªº·P¨üªí¹F¦b¼Ö¦±©M¤å¦r¤§¤¤¡F¨â¤H³£¯à¬ð¯}¶Ç²Î§Î¦¡ªºÏEÂê¡Aªí²{Ó¤Hªº¯S©Ê¡C¨©¦hªâ¶}³Ð¤F¥L¿W¯Sªº«µ»ï¦±§Î¦¡(Sonata form)¤Î¹ï¥DÃD°Ê¾÷(motif)§@¦³¾÷¾ãÅé(organic whole)ªºµo®i¤âªk¡A¥L¤Sº¥ý¥Îµ¼Ö¨Óªí²{¤H©Êªº°¶¤j¡A¤]¤£Â_¦bµ¼Ö¤¤°l¨D¤HÃþ©R¹Bµ¥µ¥°ÝÃD¡C
Whitman¦b¦³·NµL·N¤§¶¡¡A¥Î¤å¦rªí²{¤F¨©¦hªâµ¼Öªº¯S©Ê¡C¥»¸Ö¡A¥¿¦p¡u^¶¯¥æÅT¦±¡v¤@¼Ë¡A¬O¬°¬ö©À¤@¦ì°¶¤H¦Ó§@ªº¡A°£¤F¼ÐÃD(¬ö©ÀªLªÖÁ`²Î)¦Ó¥~¡A¦A¤]§ä¤£¨ì¥ô¦óª½¬Ò¯A¤ÎªLªÖªº¦r¼Ë¡A³o¤]³\¥¿¬O¸Ö¤H·Q¦b¤å¦r¤¤ªí²{¤@ºØ¾¹¼Ö¦±ªº¹Ò¬É-¥H¤@ºØ§ó´¶¤Î¡A¤]§ó¤£©ö®»ºNªºªí¹F¤è¦¡¨Ó¿E°ÊŪªÌªº±¡·P¡C
§ó«nªº¤@ÂI¬O¡GWhitman¦ü¥G±Ä¥Î¤F¨©¦hªâ¹ï«µ»ï¦±§Î¦¡§@¦³¾÷¾ãÅ骺³B²z¤âªk¡C¥L¹B¥Î´XÓ°ò¥»·N¶H(¥¿¦pµ¼Ö¸Ìªº¥DÃD°Ê¾÷)¤£Â_¥[¥HÂX±i¡Aµo®i¡A«²Õ¡A©µ¦ù¡A§ó·s¡K¡C¦b¤Q¤»¸`¤¤¡A¸g¹L¤F§e¥Ü³¡ (Exposition)¡Aµo®i³¡ (Development)¡A¦A²{³¡(Recapitulation)¡A¤Î§À¦± (Coda)ªº¦¸§Ç¡A¥R¤Àªí¹F¤F¥L¹ïªLªÖ°l©À·R¼}¤§±¡¡C
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1. ªLªÖ¦º©ó¥|¤ë¤Q¤¤é¡A¥¿È¶§¬K¤§»Ú¡Aµµ¤B»²±¶}¡Aµe¬Üª§»ï¡A¥[¤W¥^¥^¦è¨Hªºª÷¬P¡A¤TªÌ³£©MªLªÖªº¦º¬ÛÃö³s¡A¦¨¬°¥DÃDªº¤TÓ·N¶H¡A¤T¦X¤@(trinity)¥¿¦pµ¼Ö¸Ìªº¥D©M²Í©Î½Æµµ¼Ö(polyphony)¸Ìªº¤TÓ½Õ¦¡¡C±©µe¬Üªº·N¶H©|¦bÁßÆC¤§¤¤(thought of him I love)n¨ì²Ä¥|¸` ¤~¥¿¦¡§e¥Ü¡C»P¡u¦º¡v¤§¥DÃD¦¨¹ï¤ñªº¬O¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃD¡A¥H¡u§Ú¡v(I mourn'd)¬°¨ä³Ì¨ãÅ骺¥Nªí¡A¨ä¥L©|¦³¤H¥Í¡A«°¥«¡A¤H¸s¡A²{¹ê¡A¥Í¬¡¡K³£©M¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃD¦³Ãö¡A¦ý³£¦³«Ý¥H«á½Ñ¸`¤¤¥[¥Hµo®i¡C
2. ª÷¬Pªº·N¶H¡A¥H¤@ºØºq¼@¤¤¤§µú¹Ä½Õ(aria)§u¥X¡Aª`·N¨C¦æ«e¤§¡u°Ú¡v(O)¡Aªí²{¤F§uµúªº±¡½ì¡A¤]«P¦¨¤F¤@ºØťı¤Wªº²Î¤@®ÄªG¡C»Pª÷¬P¦³ÃöªºªþÄÝ·N¶H¬°night, cloud, cruel hands . . .¡C
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4. µe¬Üªº·N¶H§e²{¡A¥L©t¿W²Û©Ä¡AÁô©óªHµL¤H¸ñ¤§³B¡AðݺqDeath's outlet song of life¡C¨ì¦¹¡A¡u§e¥Ü¡v³¡§¹²¦¡A¤TÓ¥Dn·N¶H³£¤À§O¤@¤@¤¶²Ð¹L¤F¥¦Ì³£¨ã¦³·¥¤jªº¶}®i©Ê¡Aº¥ý©M§Ú̪º·P©x-µøı¡Aťı¡A¶åıµ¥¦³ª½±µªºÃö³s¡Aªñ¤@¨B¤S¯à©M¤@¨Ç©â¶HªºÆ[©À¬ÛÁpô¡C¥Ñ¦¹¡A¥i¨£§@ªÌ¹ï·N¶H¿ï¾Ü¤§¿W¨ì¤§³B¡C(¸Ô¨£·N¶H³¡¥÷)
B. µo®i³¡ (Development)¡G±N¡u§e¥Ü¡v³¡¸Ìªº¥DÃD»P°ÆÃD¥[¥Hµo®i¡G©Î´|¦X¡A©Î©µ¦ù¡A©Î¶}®i¡A©Î«²Õ¡CÁקK¹L¤À±j½Õ¥DÃD¡A¥H¯d«Ý¡u¦A²{³¡¡v¤¤§@³Ì°ª«×µo´§¡C¥»¸Ö5 - 13¸`¥iµø¬°µo®i³¡¡C
5. ÆF¬^(¡u¦º¡vªº¥DÃD)¥ÑµØ²±¹y¹B©¹¥ì§Q¿Õ¦{¤§¬K¥Ð (Springfield)¡A³~¸g¥Í·N¯sµMªº¬K¤Ñ¡A«°¥«¡Aµó«Ñ¡A¤sªL¡AªG¤ì³o³£¬O»P¡u¥Í¡v¦³Ãöªº°ÆÃD)¡C²£¥Í¤@ºØ¦º¥Í¬Û©Ú(death in life)ªº®ÄªG¡A³o¤]¥¿¬O¤@ºØ»á¦üµ¼Öªºªí²{ªk¡C
6. ÆF¬^Ä~Äò¦è¦æ¡A¦b¤H¼é¡AºX®ü¤¤Áô²{µÛª÷(dirges through night)¬P(the great cloud darkening the land; the flambeaus of the night)¤Îµe¬Üªº·N¶H¡C³o¬O¤@ºØ·¥¨ãµ¼Ö©Êªº®ÄªG¡C¥½¥y©M²Ä¤T¸`¥½¥y¤@½u¬Û©Ó¡C(¸Ô¨£²Ä¤T¸`»¡©ú)¡C¦b³o¸`¸Ì¡A»P¡u¦º¡v¦³Ãöªº¤TÓ·N¶H³£²¤·L´£¤Î¡A±N¦b²Ä¤C¡A¤K¡A¤E¸`¤¤¸Ôz¡C
7. ¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃD»P¡u¦º¡v¤§¥DÃD¤S¦P®É¥X²{¡A¥Ñ¤@¤H¤§¦º¡A¤Æ¬°²³¤H¤§¦º¡Aµµ¤B»¤S²{¡A¨Ã¥[¤Wª´ºÀ¡B¦Ê¦X¡C
8. ©Ó²Ä¤G¸`¤§«á¡A¹ïª÷¬P§@§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¶}®i¡A¬P¨à¦è¨H¡A¥HÁ¨§C»y¡A©]¦â±âÅf¡A¬P¨à·tµM¯«¶Ë(how full you were of woe)¡Cª`·N¤@³s¤KÓasªº²Î¤@®ÄªG¡C
9. µe¬Ü»Pª÷¬P¦P®É¥X²{¡A¦ü¬Û¨ó¡A¤]¦ü¬Û©Ú¡A¥¿¦pµ¼Ö¤¤¤§¨â¼Ö«ä¡A¬Û§e¨Ã¦C¡A¦b²Î¤@¤¤¤S¦U¦Û¿W¥ß¡C
10.¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃD-¡u§Ú¡v¥X²{¡AÁô¬ù¶¡»Pµe¬Ü(I warble)©Mµµ¤B»(I'll perfume)¬Û´|¦X¡A³o¬O¤@Ó·¥·L§®ªº´|¦X¡A«Ü¨ãµ¼Ö©Ê¡C
11. ¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃDÄ~Äòµo®i¡A¡u¬K¡v¡u¥|¤ë¡v¡u²{¹ê¡v¡u«°¥«¡v¡u¤u¤H¡v¡u·Ï§w¡v¦A¦¸¥X²{¡A¤w¬O¤i¶§¦è¤U(Sinking Sun)ªº®ÉÔ¡C¤i¶§·t¥Üdrooping star¡A¥iµø¬°ª÷¬Pªº¤@ÓÅܧÎ(ÅܽÕ)¡C
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13. µe¬Ü¡Aª÷¬P»Pµµ¤B»¡A¤TÓ¥Dn·N¶H¬Û¨ó¤S¬Û©Ú¡A³o¬O¥Ñ²Ä¤E¸`ºtÅܦӨӪº¡A¤£¹L¦]¬°¤S¦h¤F¤@¼Ë¡AÃö«YÅã±o§ó½ÆÂø¡C²Ä¤@¸`¸Ìªº¤T¦X¤@(Trinity)¨ì¦¹¦A²{¡Cµo®i³¡µ²§ô¡C
C. ¦A²{³¡ (Recapitulation)¡G¥DÃD¡A°ÆÃD«·s¥X²{¡A¤º®eµy¦³Åܧó¡C¨âªÌ¤§¶¡ªº¹ï¤ñ©M¬Û©Ú©Ê¡A¨ì¦¹±o¥H½w©M¡A¸Ñ¨M¡C¥»¸Öªº²Ä¤Q¥|¸`¥i¬O¬°¦A²{³¡¡C
14.¡u¥Í¡v¤§°ÆÃD¦A²{-«°¥«¡A¹A¤Ò¡AÅW®b¡K¤£¹L³o¤@¤ÁÂ಴¤S³Q¡u¦º¡v¤§³±Åµ©ÒÅ¢¸n(Appear'd the cloud, appear'd the long black trail)¡C¸Ö¤¤¤H»P¡u¦º¡v¤À¤Æ¬°¤G¡G¤@¬°¡u¦º¤§©ÀÀY¡v(thought of death)-¥Nªí¹ï¦º¨º¥÷±¡¤£¦Û¸Tªº·P¶Ë¡F¤@¬°¡u¦º¤§»{ÃÑ¡v(knowledge of death)-¥Nªí¹ï¦º¤§¯u¿Íªº¤F®©¡A³o¤]¥¿¬Oµe¬Ü³ÚÁn¤¤ªº¤@¤Á¡C¡u¥Í¡v(I)»P¡u¦º¡v(thought of death, and knowledge of death) µ²¦ñ¦¨¤T¡A³o¬Otrinityªº¥t¤@ºØÅܧΡC
µe¬Ü°ÛµÛ¡u¦º¤§ºq¡v-lovely and soothing death . . . delicate death . . . praise! praise! praise! . . . Dark mother, ! . . . strong deliveress . . . thy bliss O death . . . with joy to thee O death¡C¨ì¦¹¡u¦º¡v¥H¤£¦A¥i©Æ¡A¤£¦A¼~¶Ë¡A¦Ó¤w²b¤Æ¡A¥Rº¡·O²»¤§ºA¡C¡u¦º¡v¤§¥DÃD¨ì¦¹±o¥H½w©M¡C¦A²{³¡µ²§ô¡C
D. §À¦± (Coda)¡G¨ì¨©¦hªâ®É¡A§À¦±¥H¤£¦A¬O¤@¬q¥i¦³¥iµLªº¸Ë¹¢«~¡A¦Ó¬O¤@¬q¦³¨ä¿W¥ß·®æ¡A¤£¥i©Î¯Êªº³¡¥÷¡C¦b§¹º¡µ²§ô¤§«e¡A±`§e²{¤@ºØ·sªº¤£¦w»P¤£°º¡A¤Þ°_·P±¡ªº·s¿EÀú¡A³Ì«á¦b¥[¥HÁ`µ²¡C¥»¸Ö²Ä15, 16¸`¥iµø¬°§À¦±¡C
15. µe¬Ü»ïÁn¥¼¤F¡A¡u¥Í¡v¡u¦º¡v¤´µ²¦ñ¦Ó¦æ¡A©¿µM¾Ô³õ¼r±þ¤õ«÷ªº´Ý»Å´º¶HÅDµM²´«e¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ·sªº¤£¦w»P¤£°º¡A¡u¥Í¡v»P¡u¦º¡v¦A«×¬Û©Ú¡A¦ºªÌ¤w¨o¡I¥ÍªÌ´dµh¡I
16. ³o¬O¥þ¸ÖªºÁ`µ²¡G¤TÓ»P¡u¦º¡v¦³Ãöªº·N¶H-µµ¤B»¡Aµe¬Ü¡Aª÷¬P³£¥ý«á¦A«×¥X²{¡A³Ì«á©Mthe chant of my soul (¡u¥Í¡vªÌ¤§ðݺq)¿Ä¦X¬°¤@(lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul)¦b¤@¤ù±IÀR©üî®ðª^¤¤µ²§ô¡C
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