Ice Cream vendor.  The words "Snow Cones" here show the British  influence. 《國家與人民》 p. 204

Economical problems: In the early 1970's, black-power supporters protested against widespread unemployment and what they considered social and economic inequality in Trinidad and Tobago.  Violent demonstrations broke out, and the government twice declared a state of emergency.  Racial tensions eased in the mid-1970's, but unemployment continued to be a major problem in the country. 

• history: Discovered by Columbus in 1498, and then settled by the Spaniards.  British rule was established in 1802.  Joined the West Indies Federation in 1958, but left to become independent in 1962. 
   Independence: Trinidad--1956, it was lead by Eric Williams (1956-1981) in 1950s.  He became Prime Minister in 1955.  His People's National Movement (PNM) was in power for thirty years (1966-1986). 
• In 1980, the national government allowed a local governing council to be established on Tobago island.

cultures: Trinidad has two major folk traditions: Creole and East Indian. Creole is a mixture of African
elements with Spanish, French, and English colonial culture. 

Trinidad's East Indian culture came to the island with indentured servants brought to fill a labor shortage created by the emancipation of the African slaves in 1833. Most remained on the land, and they still dominate the agricultural sector, but many have become prominent in business and the professions. East Indians have retained much of their own way of life, including Hindu and Muslim religious festivals and practices. (source)　

Authors: Sam Selvon  (India-Trinidad-U.K.-Canada); Neil Bissoondath (India-Trinidad-Canada)

• population: majority African, some East Indians, Europeans, and Chinese. 
• history: Discovered by Columbus in 1494, Jamaica was a Spanish settlement until it was captured by the British in 1655. 
• the Moroon--To the safety of the impenetrable hills (e.g. Blue Mountains), bands of former slaves fled, after they were freed
  and armed by the Spanish to fight the English when they seized the island in 1655. The Maroons, as they became known, founded a community and underground state that would fight a guerrilla war against the English settlers on and off for nearly eighty years. 
• Jamaica prospered during the 1700's.  Sugar became the major crop, and the island ranked as the most important slave market in the Western Hemisphere.
•    Full internal self-government came in 1959, within the West Indies Federation, and full independence with the British Commonwealth in 1962.
• Since 1960's, Jamaica has faced many problems, including inflation, unemployment, and poverty.  Many Jamaicans became dissatisfied, and their discontent sometimes let to riots and violent crime.  . . . Michael Manley of the People's National Party was elected prime minister of Jamaica in 1972.  He sought to solve the economic problems by adopting socialistic policies.   The next prime minister was Edward Seaga of the Jamaican Labor Party. 
  World Book V11: 23
   Jamaica: A short History: history offered by Island Life.com with pictures.

  　

• People: 90% of African descent.

 

a  ghetto in Kingston 《國家與人民》p. 172
"In the ghetto, where discontent was ever-present, the ideas of such black nationalists as the Jamaican born Marcus Garvey were gaining momentum.  Conventional social democracy had not improved the lot of the sufferers in the ghetto. Garveyism, whose potency had been sharpened by the American Black Power ideology of the Sixties,  was combining with Rastafarianism; it seemed to offer a viable alternative to what was widely  perceived as the corrupt system of Babylon." (from The Story of Jamaican Music)  

 Marcus Garvey--the first prophet of black self determination in the 1920s, founded the Black Star shipping line, intended to transport descendants of slaves back to Africa.  

1. 1492 --96  The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492--
   after which the Arawaks and Caribs were almost eliminated as the Spanish, English, French and Dutch came to settle and exploited the spices and sugar.
2. 1624  British settlement of Barbados.
3. 1655  British capture of Jamaica from Spain. 
4. 16th-18th centuries --Colonial period: 
   also a period of wars among colonial nations and pirates, and conflicts between the white masters, black slaves and mulatto.
5. 1797  British capture Trinidad from Spain.
6. 1808- 1838 -- Abolishment of slavery (1834 in Anglophone islands, 1848 in Francophone islands, and 1863 in Dutch islands). 
7. 1845  First shipload of East Indian indentured laborers arrived in Trinidad.
   Indentured Laborers--in the 19th century, a larger number of Asiatics, mostly from India but also including some Chinese, were imported to form the labour force and consequently to add to the ethnic and cultural mix of the Caribbean.  In Trinidad, for instance, a lot of East Indians lived in St. James, which has streets named after Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.   The area where most Indians live is the (Atlantic) coast line along Sangre Grande, Rio Claro, and Plaisance. 
8. 1919-1939  seen as Slums of the Empire.
9.  riots & strikes in 1935-1938 and afterwards
    
10. 1960's--Independence of the Caribbean nations
11. 1958-1962  West Indies Federation 
    • Important Leaders of Indepence Movements: Marcus Garvey (Jamaica); Franz Fanon (Martinique), Dr. Eric Williams (Trinidad)