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Image: Roy Lichtenstein's Drowning Girl (1963) on display at the Museum of Modern Art, New York

American Literature

20th Century—2nd Half

 

I.             Political History

Time

Events

1945

Atomic bombs dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki

WWII ended; Cold War began.

1950-53

Korean War

1950-54

Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist campaign

1954

Supreme Court ruled segregation in schools was unconstitutional.

1955-68

The Civil Rights movement: non-violent protest and civil disobedience led by Martin Luther King, Jr.

1962

Cuban missile crisis

1963

President John F. Kennedy assassinated

Civil Rights march on Washington: Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered “I have a dream’ speech

1964

The Civil Rights Act, banning segregation in public places

1965-73

Vietnam War

1967

Anti-Vietnam demonstrations

1968

Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated.

1969

US astronauts landed on the moon

Stonewall (gay rights) rebellion in New York City

1972-74

Watergate scandal

1981

AIDS identified in the US

1989

Soviet Union collapsed; Fall of Berlin Wall; Cold War ended

1991

Persian Gulf War

World Wide Web introduced

 

II.                Genres: (selected entries)

1.      Poetry:

A.    The Formalists:

Randall Jarrell, Karl Shapiro, Richard Wilbur, James Merrill,

Elizabeth Bishop, Charles Wright

B.     The Confessionals/the Autobiographical poets: 1950s-80s

Robert Lowell, W. D. Snodgrass, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton,

Theodore Roethke, John Berryman, Adrienne Rich, Louise Glück,

Sharon Olds, John Haines, Robert Pinsky, Dave Smith

C.     New Surrealism/ “Deep Image”: 1960s-70s

Robert Bly, James Wright, W. S. Merwin,

D.    The Black Mountain poets: 1950s

Charles Olson, Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, Denise Levertov, A. R. Ammons

E.     The Beats/San Francisco Poetry Renaissance: 1950s-60s

Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Kenneth Rexroth, Gary Snyder

F.      The New York School: 1950s-60s

Frank O’Hara, John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch

G.    Multiculturalism:

a.       African/black: Gwendolyn Brooks, Imamu Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones,

Don Lee/Haki R. Madhubuti, Sonia Sanchez, Nikki Giovanni, Rita Dove

b.      Asian: Cathy Song, John Yau, Li-Young Lee, Marilyn Chin, Garrett Hongo

c.       Latino/Chicano: Alberto Ríos, Lorna Dee Cervantes

d.      Native/Indian: Carroll Arnett, Simon J. Ortiz, Nora Dauenhauer, Paula Gunn Allen, Linda Hogan, Joy Harjo, Wendy Rose, Ray Young Bear, Louise Erdrich

H.    The Language Poetry: 1980s-90s, L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E

Charles Bernstein, Michael Palmer, Susan Howe, Lyn Hejinian

I.       Performance poetry, or “Spoken Word”: 1980s-1990s

David Antin

J.       Cyber-poetry/e-poetry/digital poetry/new media poetry

 

2.   Novel

A.    The Beats: Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs

B.     New Journalism: Truman Capote, Norman Mailer

C.     African-American: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Margaret Walker, Ishmael Reed, John Widerman, Toni Cade Bambara, Ernest Gaines, Leon Forrest, Gloria Naylor, A.J. Verdelle, Terry McMillan, Darryl Pinckney, Trey Ellis, James Alan McPherson

D.    Postmodern: John Barth, John Hawkes, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut,

Vladimir Nabokov, William Gass, John Gardner, Robert Coover, Thomas Pynchon, William Gaddis, E.L. Doctorow, Don DeLillo, Joseph McElroy, Donald Barthelme, Kathy Acker,

Paul Auster

E.     Regionalism:

a.       The South: Flannery O’Connor, Truman Capote, Walker Percy, Carson McCullers, Peter Taylor, Harper Lee

b.      New York (Jewish): Bernard Malamud, Cynthia Ozick, Saul Bellow, Philip Roth

c.       The West: Cormac McCarthy, Annie Proulx

F.      Realism: John Cheever, John Updike, Raymond Carver

G.    Women/feminist: Marilyn French, Mary McCarthy, Joyce Carol Oates, Ann Taylor

H.    Ethnic Minorities:

a.       Native/Indian: N. Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Marmon Silko, Louise Erdrich, Thomas King, Linda Hogan, Louis Owens, Sherman Alexie, Betty Louise Bell, Gerald Vizenor

b.      Chicano: Rudolfo Anaya, José Antonio Villarreal, Rolando Hinojosa, Nash Candelaria, Sandra Cisneros, Ana Castillo, Ron Arias

c.       Asian: John Okada, Louis Chu, Frank Chin, Maxine Hong Kingston, Shawn Wong, Gish Jen, Amy Tan, Diana Chang, Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Gus Lee, Fae Myenne Ng, Cynthia Kadohata, Ronyoung Kim, Bienvenido N. Santos, Tran Van Dinh, Wendy Law-Yone, Bharati Mukherjee

 

3.   Drama

A.    Canonical

a.       Eugene O’Neill

b.      Arthur Miller

c.       Tennessee Williams

d.      Edward Albee

e.       Sam Shepard

f.       David Mamet

g.      Others: William Inge, Terrence McNally, Lanford Wilson, John Guare,

A.R. Gurney, David Rabe, Neil Simon, Richard Nelson, Wallace Shawn,

Tony Kushner, Paula Vogel

B.     The avant-garde

a.       the Living Theater: Jack Gelber, Julian Beck

b.      the Open Theater: Jean-Claude Van Itallie, Joseph Chaikin

c.       the Performance Group: Richard Schechner

C.    Multiculturalism

a.      Women/feminist: Marsha Norman, Beth Henley, Tina Howe, Emily Mann, Wendy Wasserstein

b.      Ethnic minorities:

(1)   Black/African: Lorraine Hansberry, James Baldwin, LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, Ed Bullins, August Wilson, Suzan-Lori Parks, Alice Children, Adrienne Kennedy, Ntozake Shange

(2)   Native/Indian: Hanay Geiogamah

(3)   Chicano: Luis Valdez

(4)   Asian: Jessica Hagedorn, Ping Chong, David Henry Hwang, Laurence Yep, Wakako Yamauchi, Philip Kan Gotanda

 

 

Bibliography

Beach, Christopher. The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2003.

Bigsby, C. W. E. Modern American Drama, 1945-2000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Ellmann, Richard and Robert O’Clair, eds. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1988.

Gary, Richard. American Peotry of the Twentieth Century. London: Longman, 1990.

Hilfer, Tony. American Fiction since 1940. New York: Longman, 1992.

Lee, A. Robert. Multicultural American Literature: Comparative Black, Native, Latino/a and Asian American Fictions. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh UP, 2003.

Parini, Jay and Brett C. Millier, eds. The Columbia History of American Poetry. New York: Columbia UP, 1993.

Zilboorg, Caroline. American Prose and Poetry in the 20th Century. Cambridge UK: Cambridge UP, 2000.

 

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