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Eve Kosofsky  Sedgwick
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Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

 

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        ÁɵâçM¦b1950¦~¥X¥Í©ó¬ü°êDayton, Ohio¡C1970¦~²¦·~©ó¬ü°ê±d¤Dº¸¤j¾Ç¡A¨Ã©ó1975¦~¦Û­C¾|¤j¾Ç¨ú±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A«á¨Ó¾á¥ô¯Ã¬ù¤j¾Ç­^¤å¨t¬ã¨s©Ò±Ð±Â¡A©ó2009¦~¦]¨ÅÀù³u¥@¡CÁɵâçM¬°·í¤µ»Å¨à²z½×¤§­«­n«ü¼Ð¤Hª«¡A¨ä½×¤å¶°¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסn (Epistemology of the Closet) »P¡m¨k¤H¤§¶¡-­^¬ü¤å¾Ç»P¨k¦P©Ê±¡½Ë¤§¼¤±æ¡n (Between Men:English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire) §ó¥i¿×»Å¨à¬ã¨s²z½×¤§¶}¤s¤§§@¡C

        ÁɵâçM¤§²z½×µÛ§@²`¨ü¤k©Ê¥D¸q¡B³Å¬_¾Ç»¡»P¸Ñºc¥D¸q¼vÅT¡C¨ä¤åµ§­·®æ¥çÃþ¦ü³\¦h«áµ²ºc¥D¸q¾ÇªÌ­·®æ¡CÁɵâçMªº´²¤å®Ñ¼gÁ`¬O¥Rº¡¿@«p­õ¾Ç®ð®§¡A¨ÃÅý¦h¼ÆŪªÌ»{¬°¨äµÛ§@²`ÀßÃø¸Ñ¡C¦³¨Ç¤H»{¬°»Å¨à²z½×¥i¯à·|¾É­P¨­¤À»{¦PijÃD¤¤³\¦h¤@¯ë¼ô±xªºÃþ§O(¦p¨k¦P©ÊÅÊ»P¤k¦P©ÊÅÊ)µLªk¿ëÃѦӷP¨ì®£Äß¡A¨Ã»{¬°»Å¨à²z½×¥ç¥i¯à¨Ï¤H©¿²¤¦P©ÊÅʪ̥ͬ¡¤¤©Ò­±Á{ªºª«½è²{¹ê°ÝÃD¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥ç¦³¤HÃhºÃ»Å¨à²z½×±N«P¨Ï¤k¤H»P¤k¦P©ÊÅʪ̦b©Ê§O¤¤¥ß (gender-neutral) ¬Fªvªº¥~Æ[¤U¦A¦¸¦¨¬°Áô§ÎªÌ¡C¾¨ºÞ½Ñ¦p¦¹¯ë·Ð¤Hªº¯Éª§¤£Â_¡AÁɵâçM³Ð·sªº«ä·Q«P¨Ï¤H­Ì¦A¦¸«ä¦Ò¨­¤À»{¦P¬Fªvªº¬É­­»P¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦P®É¤]­«¶ì¤F©Ê§O»P¤å¾Ç¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y (Norton 2434)¡C 

 

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Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire.

        ¦b¥»½×¤å¶°¡AÁɵâçM­º¥ý´£¥X¤@­Ó·s¦Wµü¡Ghomosociality¡A¦¹¥i¿×ÁɵâçM©ó»Å¨à²z½×¤¤³Ì­«­nªºÆ[©À»P³Ð·s¡C Homosociality«üªº§Y¦P©Ê¤§¶¡ªºªÀ·|¤¬°Ê»PÃìµ² ¡A¦ÓÁɵâçM»{¬°³o¨ÇÃìµ²»P§ô¿£¬O¥i¥H»P¦P©ÊÅÊ(homosexuality)¡A§Y¬Û¦P©Ê§O¤§¨â¤H¶¡ªº©Ê¼¤¡A°Ï¤À¶}¨Óªº¡CHomosociality¨Ã¤£¥u¾A¥Î©ó¦P©ÊÅʪ̡A¦Ó¬O¾A¥Î©ó¥ô¦ó¦P©ÊÅÊ¡A²§©ÊÅÊ¡A¥H¤ÎÂù©ÊÅʪº¨â¨k¤§¶¡(©Î¨â¤k¡A¦ýÁɵâçM¦b¥»®Ñª`­«¨â¨k)(Norton 2346)¡CÁɵâçM¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¡Ahomosociality»PhomosexualityÁ`¬O³Q¨º¨Ç·|¼Ð»x¥X¨k©Ê¶¡Ãìµ²ªº®£¦P©ÊÅʱ¡µ²(homophobia)²`²`¤zÂZ¡A¦Ó®£¦P±¡µ²«h¬O¤÷ÅvªÀ·|»P²§©ÊÅʱB«Ã¨î«×¤Uªº¤@ºØ¥²µMµ²ªG¡CÁɵâçM¤@¦A¦a±j½Õ¡Ahomosocial»Phomosexualªº°Ï§O¨Ã¤£¯à¥Î¤G¤Àªk¤Æ¤§¡CBetween Men ¤@®Ñ¤¤±´¨s1750¦Ü1850¦~¶¡¼Ú¬w¤å¾Ç¦p¦ó¤Ï¬M¥X¨k©Êªº¦P©ÊÃìµ²¡CÁɵâçM¹ï©ó¦è¤è¤å¾Ç¤¤¨º¨Ç¦]¨â¨k¤@¤k¤T¨¤ÅÊ·R¦Ó­l¦ù¥Xªº±¡¼ÄÃö«Y¯S§O·P¿³½ì¡C¦Ó¨ººW±Û©ó¨ä¤¤ªº¤k©Ê·|¨Ï³oºØ¨â¨k¤§¶¡ªº¦P©Ê±¡¼¤Ãö«Yªº¡u¦ÃÂI¡v°¾Â÷Âà¦V¡CÁɵâçM¼g§@¦¹®Ñ¤§¥Øªº¡A°£±q¤å¾Ç¤¤±´¨s¨â¨k¤§¶¡¤§±¡½ËÃìµ²¨Ã¹ï§Ü®£¦P±¡µ²¤§¥~¡A§ó¥Î¦¹½×¤å¨Ó¹ï§Ü·í®É¤k©Ê¥D¸q¤U¤§»ø¤Æ²{¶H¡]§Y»EµJ©ó²§©ÊÅÊ¡B¤¤²£¶¥¯Å¡B¥Õ¤H¤k©Ê¡^¡C

 

Epistemology of the Closet

        ¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסn¥i¿×ÁɵâçM¶°¤j¦¨¤§§@¡A¦PBetween Men³Q·í§@»Å¨à¬ã¨s¤§¦c¯å¡C¦¹®Ñ¨Ì´`µÛ¤W¥»µÛ§@Between Men¨Ó°Q½×¨k©Ê¤§¶¡¤§¦P©ÊÃö«Y¡C»PBetween Men¬Û¸û¤§¤U¡A¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסnªº½×­z¸ûª`­«©Ê¼¤¡A¥H¤Î¤Ï®£¦P±¡µ²¡A¤£¦ü¤§«eªºBetween Men¸ûª`­«©ó©Ê§O¥H¤Î¤k©Ê¥D¸q¡C¥»®Ñ¥D­nªº½×ÂI»{¬°¶Ç²Î¼Ð·Ç±N¤H¤G¤Àªk¤Æªº¨t²Î¬O«D±`¯U¹iªº¡A¯S§O¬O·í²o¯A¨ì©Ê¼¤©Ê¦V®É¡A³oºØ¨t²Î§ó·|­­¨î§Ú­Ìªº¦Û¥Ñ¥H¤Î¤F¸Ñ¡CÁɵâçM»{¬°¡uÂd¡v(closet)¬O·í®É¹ï©ó¦P§Ó¨­¤À»{¦P¬°¤@ºØ¡u¤½¶}ªº¯¦±K¡vªº·t³ë¡A¦Ó·í®Éªº¦P©ÊÅʪ̵ø¡u¥XÂd¡v¬°¦Û¨­¨­¤À»{¦Pªº°ß¤@¤@±ø¹D¸ô¡A¨Ã»{¬°¦P§Ó¥u­n¶°Åé¥XÂd§Y¥i¨Ï²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv«±¥x¡CÁɵâçM«ü¥X¤Hªº¨­¤À»{¦P¬O«D±`½ÆÂø¥B¨ãÂ×´I¤º²[ªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O«D¶Â§Y¥Õ¡A¦³§A´N¨S¦³§Ú¡A¨º»ò³æ¯Âªº¨Æ±¡¡C¦]¦¹¡AÁɵâçM»{¬°¥XÂd»P§_¨Ã¤£¬O²³æ¤G¤Àªkªº¡A¤]«D¤@®É©Î¥Ã¤[ªº¡C¯¦±K¤½¶}»P³Q«O±Kªºµ{«×¦P®É¦s¦b»P§Ú­Ìªº¥Í¬¡¤¤¡AÁɵâçM¤£Â_±j½Õ¤H»P¤H¤§¶¡ªº®t²§¨Ã¤£¬O¥i¥H¥Î²³æ¤G¤Àªk¤Æ¤§ªº¡A¦o¤]»{¬°³oºØ¤G¤Àªkªº¨t²Î¤£¦ý·|§ô¿£¡B­­¨î¦P©ÊÅʪº¥Í¬¡¡A§ó¼vÅT¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¦è¤è²{¥N«ä·Q»Pª¾Ãѵ²ºc¡C ¦]¦¹¡AÁɵâçM©ó¦¹®Ñ¾É½×¤¤¥X´£¥X¤C­Ó­ì²z³q«h(Axiom)¡G

 1. People are different from each other. ¤H»P¤H¤§¶¡©¼¦¹¤£ºÉ¤£¦P¡C

 2. The study of sexuality is not coextensive with the study of gender; correspondingly, antihomophobic inquiry is not coextensive with feminist inquiry. But we can't know in advance how they will be different. ©Ê¼¤»P©Ê§Oªº¬ã¨s¦b®ÉªÅ¤W¨Ã¤£¬O­«Å|ªº; ¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¤Ï®£¦P±¡µ²ªº±´¯Á»P¤k©Ê¥D¸qªº½èºÃ¥ç«D¦P®É¦P¦aµo®iªº¡C¦ý§Ú­ÌµLªk¨Æ¥ý±oª¾¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡±N¦³¦ó®t²§¡C

 3. There can't be an a priori decision about how far it will make sense to conceptualize lesbian and gay male identities together. Or separately. ¨Ã¨S¦³¥ýÅ窺±ø¥ó¨M©w¤k¦P§Ó»P¨k¦P§Ó¨­¤À»{¦Pªº·§©À¦b¤°»ò½d³ò¤º¥i¥H¦X²z¦aµ¥¦P°Q½×¡C©Î¤À¶}°Q½×¡C

 4. The immemorial, seemingly ritualized debates on nurture versus nature take place against a very unstable background of tacit assumptions and fantasies about both nurture and nature. ¨º¦]®É¶¡¹L©ó¤[»·¦Ó¾D¤H¿ò§Ñ¡A¤S¬Ý¦ü»ö¦¡¤Æªº¦P§Ó¥ý¤Ñ©Î«á¤Ñ½×ª§Ä³¨Æ¹ê¤W«Øºc©ó¤@­Ó«D±`¤£Ã­©Tªº°ò¦¤W¡C³o°ò¦¬O¥Ñ¨º¨Ç¹ï©ó«á¤Ñ»P¥ý¤Ñ½×¦³³\¦h¤ß·Ó¤£«Åªº°²³]»P¤Û·Q©Ò§Î¦¨ªº¡C

5. The historical search for Great Paradigm Shift may obscure the present conditions of sexual identity. ±´¯Á¤j¨å½dÂಾªº¾ú¥v¦³¥i¯à·|¾B±Í©Ê§O»{¦P·í¤Uªº´ºªp¡C

6. The relation of gay studies to debates on the literary canon is, and had best be, tortuous. ¦P§Ó¬ã¨s»P¤å¾Ç¸g¨å½×ª§¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¬O¡A¨Ã¥B³Ì¦n¬O¡A¬n¦±ªº¡C

7. The paths of allo-identification are likely to be strange and recalcitrant. So are the paths of auto-identification. ¥LªÌ»{¦Pªº³~®|·¥¦³¥i¯à¬O©_©Ç¨Ã¥B¹x©TÃø¾r¶¿ªº¡A¦Û§Ú»{¦P¥çµM¡C 

 

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°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø

Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchster, 2002.

Leitch, Vincent B., ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001.

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men-English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia, 1985.

---. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkley: U of California P, 1990.

¦ó¬KëB  ¡Õ©Ê¢A§O¬ã¨s¡Ö²Ä¤T¡B¥|´Á¦X¥Z¡m»Å¨à¡G²z½×»P¬Fªv¡n±M¸¹Â²¤¶Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 

 

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¬ÛÃöºô¯¸

http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/axioms.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick 

 

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¶À¹Å¼zµÛ¡C¡Õ«Â·G.ºÖ§J¯Çªº¥¢±`¡m¸t·µ¡n¡G±q·P©x¡B¼Ò¥é¨ì¯u¹ê¦Û§Ú¡Ö(Sensation, Imitation, and Selfhood in William Faulkner's Dysfunctional Sanctuary)¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç­^¤å¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2007¡C

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¤ÀªR«D¸Ç¬ü°ê§@®a¸â©i¤hÀj¼w·Å¦b1960¦~¥N¶Â¤H°ê±Ú¥D¸q¡B¶Â¤H¨k©Ê±¡¼¤¡B»P¶Â¤H¨k¤l®ð·§ªºÁc½Æ¥æ¿ù¤§»Ú¡A¦p¦óµ¦²¤©Ê¦a¨ó°Ó¨äºØ±Ú»P©Ê§O¨­¥÷»{¦P¬Fªv¡A¨ÃÅé²{¦b¨ä¤p»¡¡m¥t¤@­Ó°ê«×¡n¤¤¡C²Ä¤@³¹´£¥X¡AÀj¼w·Å¥H¨ä¶Â¤H¦P§Ó§@®aªºÂù­«¡]Ãä½t¡^¨­¥÷¡A·N±ýÂǸӤ奻®iºt¤@ºØ¼Ò¸W¨â¥iªº±Ô¨Æ¬ü¾Ç¡A¥ç§Y°w¹ï¤÷ÅvÅé¨î»P²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv±Ä¨úªí­±ªÖ©w¡B¹ê«h¤ÏÂнèºÃªº±Ô¨Æµ¦²¤¡A¶i¦Ó´¦ÅS¨âªÌ¤§¤¬¬°ªí¸Ì¡A¨ÃÄAÂЩʧO»P±¡¼¤Ã¦¬É¡A³Ì²×­«¶ì«D¸Ç¬ü°ê¶Â¤H¤§¨k©Ê®ð½è¥B¸¨¹êºØ±Ú¥¿¸q¡C²Ä¤G³¹¥H«D¸Ç¬ü°êªÀ·|¦b1960¦~¥Nªº¶Â¤H°ê±Ú¹B°Ê»P¥ÁÅv¹B°Ê¬°¥D¶b¡A²`¤J±´°Q«D¸Ç¬ü°ê¨k©Ê¦b±j½ÕºØ±Ú¥»½è»Pª§¨úºØ±Ú¦Ûªv¤§»Ú¡AµL¡]¦³¡^·N¶¡½Æ»s¬Æ¥B±j¤Æ¤F¤÷ÅvÅé¨î»P²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv¡A§Îºc¤F©Ò¿×¡u¶Â¤H¶W¯Å¨k¤l®ð·§¡v¡]black super-masculinity¡^¡C¥»¤å²Ä¤T¦Ü¤­³¹§Y¥H¦¹¬°¾\Ū¶b½u¡AµÛ­«¤ÀªRÀj¼w·Å¤p»¡¡m¥t¤@­Ó°ê«×¡n¤¤ªº¤­¦ì¨k¥D¤H¯Î¡C²Ä¤G³¹¨Ï¥Î¤FSedgwick¦³Ãöhomosocialityªº·§©À¡C

½²ºû©¨µÛ¡C¡Õ±Ä°Q¸â©i´µ.¥]¼w·Å¤p»¡¡m¦N¼Ú¤Z¥§ªº©Ð¶¡¡n¤¤©Ê¼¤¨ú¦Vªº«Øºc, §é°J, ¤Î½Ä¬ð¡Ö(On Sexual Identity in James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room: Its Formation, Negotiation, and Conflict)¡C°ê¥ß¤¤¿³¤j¾Ç¥~°ê»y¤å¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2001¡C

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