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July, 2010
ÁɵâçM
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
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ÁɵâçM¦b1950¦~¥X¥Í©ó¬ü°êDayton,
Ohio¡C1970¦~²¦·~©ó¬ü°ê±d¤Dº¸¤j¾Ç¡A¨Ã©ó1975¦~¦ÛC¾|¤j¾Ç¨ú±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A«á¨Ó¾á¥ô¯Ã¬ù¤j¾Ç^¤å¨t¬ã¨s©Ò±Ð±Â¡A©ó2009¦~¦]¨ÅÀù³u¥@¡CÁɵâçM¬°·í¤µ»Å¨à²z½×¤§«n«ü¼Ð¤Hª«¡A¨ä½×¤å¶°¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסn
(Epistemology
of the Closet)
»P¡m¨k¤H¤§¶¡-^¬ü¤å¾Ç»P¨k¦P©Ê±¡½Ë¤§¼¤±æ¡n
(Between
Men:English Literature and Male
Homosocial Desire)
§ó¥i¿×»Å¨à¬ã¨s²z½×¤§¶}¤s¤§§@¡C
ÁɵâçM¤§²z½×µÛ§@²`¨ü¤k©Ê¥D¸q¡B³Å¬_¾Ç»¡»P¸Ñºc¥D¸q¼vÅT¡C¨ä¤åµ§·®æ¥çÃþ¦ü³\¦h«áµ²ºc¥D¸q¾ÇªÌ·®æ¡CÁɵâçMªº´²¤å®Ñ¼gÁ`¬O¥Rº¡¿@«põ¾Ç®ð®§¡A¨ÃÅý¦h¼ÆŪªÌ»{¬°¨äµÛ§@²`ÀßÃø¸Ñ¡C¦³¨Ç¤H»{¬°»Å¨à²z½×¥i¯à·|¾ÉP¨¤À»{¦PijÃD¤¤³\¦h¤@¯ë¼ô±xªºÃþ§O(¦p¨k¦P©ÊÅÊ»P¤k¦P©ÊÅÊ)µLªk¿ëÃѦӷP¨ì®£Äß¡A¨Ã»{¬°»Å¨à²z½×¥ç¥i¯à¨Ï¤H©¿²¤¦P©ÊÅʪ̥ͬ¡¤¤©Ò±Á{ªºª«½è²{¹ê°ÝÃD¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥ç¦³¤HÃhºÃ»Å¨à²z½×±N«P¨Ï¤k¤H»P¤k¦P©ÊÅʪ̦b©Ê§O¤¤¥ß
(gender-neutral)
¬Fªvªº¥~Æ[¤U¦A¦¸¦¨¬°Áô§ÎªÌ¡C¾¨ºÞ½Ñ¦p¦¹¯ë·Ð¤Hªº¯Éª§¤£Â_¡AÁɵâçM³Ð·sªº«ä·Q«P¨Ï¤H̦A¦¸«ä¦Ò¨¤À»{¦P¬Fªvªº¬É»P¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦P®É¤]«¶ì¤F©Ê§O»P¤å¾Ç¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y
(Norton
2434)¡C
TOP
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Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire.
¦b¥»½×¤å¶°¡AÁɵâçMº¥ý´£¥X¤@Ó·s¦Wµü¡Ghomosociality¡A¦¹¥i¿×ÁɵâçM©ó»Å¨à²z½×¤¤³Ì«nªºÆ[©À»P³Ð·s¡C
Homosociality«üªº§Y¦P©Ê¤§¶¡ªºªÀ·|¤¬°Ê»PÃìµ²
¡A¦ÓÁɵâçM»{¬°³o¨ÇÃìµ²»P§ô¿£¬O¥i¥H»P¦P©ÊÅÊ(homosexuality)¡A§Y¬Û¦P©Ê§O¤§¨â¤H¶¡ªº©Ê¼¤¡A°Ï¤À¶}¨Óªº¡CHomosociality¨Ã¤£¥u¾A¥Î©ó¦P©ÊÅʪ̡A¦Ó¬O¾A¥Î©ó¥ô¦ó¦P©ÊÅÊ¡A²§©ÊÅÊ¡A¥H¤ÎÂù©ÊÅʪº¨â¨k¤§¶¡(©Î¨â¤k¡A¦ýÁɵâçM¦b¥»®Ñª`«¨â¨k)(Norton
2346)¡CÁɵâçM¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¡Ahomosociality»PhomosexualityÁ`¬O³Q¨º¨Ç·|¼Ð»x¥X¨k©Ê¶¡Ãìµ²ªº®£¦P©ÊÅʱ¡µ²(homophobia)²`²`¤zÂZ¡A¦Ó®£¦P±¡µ²«h¬O¤÷ÅvªÀ·|»P²§©ÊÅʱB«Ã¨î«×¤Uªº¤@ºØ¥²µMµ²ªG¡CÁɵâçM¤@¦A¦a±j½Õ¡Ahomosocial»Phomosexualªº°Ï§O¨Ã¤£¯à¥Î¤G¤Àªk¤Æ¤§¡CBetween
Men
¤@®Ñ¤¤±´¨s1750¦Ü1850¦~¶¡¼Ú¬w¤å¾Ç¦p¦ó¤Ï¬M¥X¨k©Êªº¦P©ÊÃìµ²¡CÁɵâçM¹ï©ó¦è¤è¤å¾Ç¤¤¨º¨Ç¦]¨â¨k¤@¤k¤T¨¤ÅÊ·R¦Ól¦ù¥Xªº±¡¼ÄÃö«Y¯S§O·P¿³½ì¡C¦Ó¨ººW±Û©ó¨ä¤¤ªº¤k©Ê·|¨Ï³oºØ¨â¨k¤§¶¡ªº¦P©Ê±¡¼¤Ãö«Yªº¡u¦ÃÂI¡v°¾Â÷Âà¦V¡CÁɵâçM¼g§@¦¹®Ñ¤§¥Øªº¡A°£±q¤å¾Ç¤¤±´¨s¨â¨k¤§¶¡¤§±¡½ËÃìµ²¨Ã¹ï§Ü®£¦P±¡µ²¤§¥~¡A§ó¥Î¦¹½×¤å¨Ó¹ï§Ü·í®É¤k©Ê¥D¸q¤U¤§»ø¤Æ²{¶H¡]§Y»EµJ©ó²§©ÊÅÊ¡B¤¤²£¶¥¯Å¡B¥Õ¤H¤k©Ê¡^¡C
Epistemology of the Closet
¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסn¥i¿×ÁɵâçM¶°¤j¦¨¤§§@¡A¦PBetween
Men³Q·í§@»Å¨à¬ã¨s¤§¦c¯å¡C¦¹®Ñ¨Ì´`µÛ¤W¥»µÛ§@Between
Men¨Ó°Q½×¨k©Ê¤§¶¡¤§¦P©ÊÃö«Y¡C»PBetween
Men¬Û¸û¤§¤U¡A¡m·tÂd»{Ãѽסnªº½×z¸ûª`«©Ê¼¤¡A¥H¤Î¤Ï®£¦P±¡µ²¡A¤£¦ü¤§«eªºBetween
Men¸ûª`«©ó©Ê§O¥H¤Î¤k©Ê¥D¸q¡C¥»®Ñ¥Dnªº½×ÂI»{¬°¶Ç²Î¼Ð·Ç±N¤H¤G¤Àªk¤Æªº¨t²Î¬O«D±`¯U¹iªº¡A¯S§O¬O·í²o¯A¨ì©Ê¼¤©Ê¦V®É¡A³oºØ¨t²Î§ó·|¨î§Ú̪º¦Û¥Ñ¥H¤Î¤F¸Ñ¡CÁɵâçM»{¬°¡uÂd¡v(closet)¬O·í®É¹ï©ó¦P§Ó¨¤À»{¦P¬°¤@ºØ¡u¤½¶}ªº¯¦±K¡vªº·t³ë¡A¦Ó·í®Éªº¦P©ÊÅʪ̵ø¡u¥XÂd¡v¬°¦Û¨¨¤À»{¦Pªº°ß¤@¤@±ø¹D¸ô¡A¨Ã»{¬°¦P§Ó¥un¶°Åé¥XÂd§Y¥i¨Ï²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv«±¥x¡CÁɵâçM«ü¥X¤Hªº¨¤À»{¦P¬O«D±`½ÆÂø¥B¨ãÂ×´I¤º²[ªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O«D¶Â§Y¥Õ¡A¦³§A´N¨S¦³§Ú¡A¨º»ò³æ¯Âªº¨Æ±¡¡C¦]¦¹¡AÁɵâçM»{¬°¥XÂd»P§_¨Ã¤£¬O²³æ¤G¤Àªkªº¡A¤]«D¤@®É©Î¥Ã¤[ªº¡C¯¦±K¤½¶}»P³Q«O±Kªºµ{«×¦P®É¦s¦b»P§Ú̪º¥Í¬¡¤¤¡AÁɵâçM¤£Â_±j½Õ¤H»P¤H¤§¶¡ªº®t²§¨Ã¤£¬O¥i¥H¥Î²³æ¤G¤Àªk¤Æ¤§ªº¡A¦o¤]»{¬°³oºØ¤G¤Àªkªº¨t²Î¤£¦ý·|§ô¿£¡B¨î¦P©ÊÅʪº¥Í¬¡¡A§ó¼vÅT¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¦è¤è²{¥N«ä·Q»Pª¾Ãѵ²ºc¡C
¦]¦¹¡AÁɵâçM©ó¦¹®Ñ¾É½×¤¤¥X´£¥X¤CÓì²z³q«h(Axiom)¡G
1.
People are different from each other.
¤H»P¤H¤§¶¡©¼¦¹¤£ºÉ¤£¦P¡C
2.
The study of sexuality is not coextensive with the study of gender;
correspondingly, antihomophobic inquiry is not coextensive with feminist
inquiry. But we can't know in advance how they will be different.
©Ê¼¤»P©Ê§Oªº¬ã¨s¦b®ÉªÅ¤W¨Ã¤£¬O«Å|ªº;
¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¤Ï®£¦P±¡µ²ªº±´¯Á»P¤k©Ê¥D¸qªº½èºÃ¥ç«D¦P®É¦P¦aµo®iªº¡C¦ý§Ú̵Lªk¨Æ¥ý±oª¾¥¦Ì¤§¶¡±N¦³¦ó®t²§¡C
3.
There can't be an a priori decision
about how far it will make sense to conceptualize lesbian and gay male
identities together. Or separately.
¨Ã¨S¦³¥ýÅ窺±ø¥ó¨M©w¤k¦P§Ó»P¨k¦P§Ó¨¤À»{¦Pªº·§©À¦b¤°»ò½d³ò¤º¥i¥H¦X²z¦aµ¥¦P°Q½×¡C©Î¤À¶}°Q½×¡C
4.
The immemorial, seemingly ritualized debates on nurture versus nature take place
against a very unstable background of tacit assumptions and fantasies about both
nurture and nature.
¨º¦]®É¶¡¹L©ó¤[»·¦Ó¾D¤H¿ò§Ñ¡A¤S¬Ý¦ü»ö¦¡¤Æªº¦P§Ó¥ý¤Ñ©Î«á¤Ñ½×ª§Ä³¨Æ¹ê¤W«Øºc©ó¤@Ó«D±`¤£Ã©Tªº°ò¦¤W¡C³o°ò¦¬O¥Ñ¨º¨Ç¹ï©ó«á¤Ñ»P¥ý¤Ñ½×¦³³\¦h¤ß·Ó¤£«Åªº°²³]»P¤Û·Q©Ò§Î¦¨ªº¡C
5. The historical search for Great Paradigm Shift may obscure the present
conditions of sexual identity.
±´¯Á¤j¨å½dÂಾªº¾ú¥v¦³¥i¯à·|¾B±Í©Ê§O»{¦P·í¤Uªº´ºªp¡C
6. The relation of gay studies to debates on the literary canon is, and had best
be, tortuous.
¦P§Ó¬ã¨s»P¤å¾Ç¸g¨å½×ª§¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¬O¡A¨Ã¥B³Ì¦n¬O¡A¬n¦±ªº¡C
7. The paths of allo-identification are likely to be strange and recalcitrant.
So are the paths of auto-identification.
¥LªÌ»{¦Pªº³~®|·¥¦³¥i¯à¬O©_©Ç¨Ã¥B¹x©TÃø¾r¶¿ªº¡A¦Û§Ú»{¦P¥çµM¡C
TOP
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø
Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An
Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchster, 2002.
Leitch, Vincent B., ed. The Norton
Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between
Men-English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia, 1985.
---. Epistemology of the Closet.
Berkley: U of California P, 1990.
¦ó¬KëB
¡Õ©Ê¢A§O¬ã¨s¡Ö²Ä¤T¡B¥|´Á¦X¥Z¡m»Å¨à¡G²z½×»P¬Fªv¡n±M¸¹Â²¤¶Eve
Kosofsky Sedgwick
TOP
¬ÛÃöºô¯¸
http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/axioms.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick
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¶À¹Å¼zµÛ¡C¡Õ«Â·G.ºÖ§J¯Çªº¥¢±`¡m¸t·µ¡n¡G±q·P©x¡B¼Ò¥é¨ì¯u¹ê¦Û§Ú¡Ö(Sensation,
Imitation, and Selfhood in William Faulkner's Dysfunctional
Sanctuary)¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç^¤å¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2007¡C
¥»½×¤åµÛ«¨âÓ¼h±¡Gº¥ý¡A¦bÓÅ馨ªø¤¤¡A·P©x¡B¨Åé»P¤ß²zªº¹B§@¡A§Y¥Í²z»P¤ß²z¨â¼h¦¸¦p¦ó¨ÏÓÅ馨ªø¡F¨ä¦¸¡A³z¹L¤TºØ«nÃö«Y¡A±B«Ã¡B®a®x»PªÀ·|Ãö«Y¡A¨Óµ²¦XÓ¤H¤Æ¥DÅé»PªÀ·|¤Æ¥DÅé¡A³Ì«á³y´N¥X¤@§¹¾ãªº¦Û§Ú¡C²Ä¤@³¹¡u¸àÄÀ¦Û§Ú¤D·½©óÂ×´IªºªÏÅéªí¹F©MÃø¥H¨¥³ëªº¤º¤ß¡G¦óºÍ«ä¡B´¶´û¡B©Z´¶©MÅS¤ñ¡v¸Ô²ÓÀ˵ø³o¥|¦ì¥D¨¤¡A¤F¸Ñ¥L̦p¦ó¹B¥Î¥~¦b·P©x©M¤º¦bµo²{¦A²{¦Û§Ú¥H¤Î¸Ñºc¥LªÌ¡C¥»³¹¹B¥Î¦ò¬¥¥ì¼w¡u¤£¥i«äij/©Ç²§¡v(The
Uncanny)ªº·§©À¨Ó¤ÀªR¥D¨¤®£Äߪº¤ß²z¡C¶i¦Ó¡A¨Ï¥Î©Ô©£ªº¡uÃè¹³¶¥¬q²z½×¡v(The
Mirror Stage)Æ[ÂI¡A¤ÀªR¥D¨¤¦p¦ó³z¹L®£Äß©M¿ù»~ªº§Î¶ì¦^Âk¯u¹ê¦Û§Ú§Î¶H¡C²Ä¤G³¹¡u¥¢±`®a®x»PªÀ·|ªº¯}¸HÃö«Y¡v±´°Q·¥¬°«nªº±B«Ã¡B®a®x»PªÀ·|Ãö«Y¡A¥H¤Î¦b³o¨ÇÃö«Y¤¤¦p¦ó¥»µÛ¹ï©ó¨Æ¹êªº±´¯Á¨Ó³Ð³y¦Û§Úªº¾ãÅé©Ê¡C¦P®É¡A±Ä¥Î¥ìªÜ¡EÁɵâ±F(Eve
K. Sedgwick¡^ªº¡u¦P©ÊªÀ¥æ¼¤±æ¡v¡]homosocial
desire¡^²z½×¡A¸Õ¹Ï¸ÑÄÀ¦P©Ê¶¡ªº¼Ä¹ï»P¼Ò¥é¤]¬O¤@ºØ´÷±æ±o¨ì»{¦Pªº°Ê¤O¡C¦Ó³Å¬_¹ï©ó¥DÅé¡]the
subject¡^ªº©w¸q§ó¥YÅãªÀ·|»{¦P¹ï©ó¦Û§Úªº«n©Ê¡C¦¹¥~¡A¹ï©ó¨â©ÊÃö«Y«h¥H©Ê¼¤»PÅv¤O¬°±´°Qªº¥DÃD¡Cµ²½×¡u³Ì²×¤§®È¡G¸t·µ««Ø¡v¤@³¹»{¬°©Z´¶©Ò¨£ªº¦ÛµM´º¶H©M¤H̨㦳¨ä¶H¼x©Ê·N¸q¡A§Y¦º¤`¹ï¬Y¨Ç¥D¨¤¦Ó¨¥¬O¥Í©Rªº²×µ²©Î¬O±ý±æªºº¡¨¬¡A¦ý¹ï©ó¨ä¥L¤H¡A¦º¤`¥Nªíªº¬O¤@ºØ·sªº¶}©l¡C¦b¬G¨Æªº³Ì²×¤§®É¡A©Z´¶¦¨¬°¦Û¤vªº¸t·µ¡A´N¦p¦P¦o¦W¦rTemple©Ò¥Nªíªº²[·N¡u¯«·µ¡v¡C
³\¥@®iµÛ¡C¡Õ¡m¤£ã¥s§Ú¨k«Ä¡n¡G¸â©i¤h.Àj¼w·Å¡m¥t¤@Ó°ê«×¡n¤¤¤§¶Â¤H°ê±Ú¥D¸q¡B¶Â¤H¨k©Ê±¡¼¤¡B»P¶Â¤H¨k¤l®ð·§¡Ö(Don't
Call Me Boy:
Black Nationalism, Black Male Sexuality, and Black Masculinity in James
Baldwin's Another Country)¡C°ê¥ß¤¤¤s¤j¾Ç¥~°ê»y¤å¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2007¡C
¤ÀªR«D¸Ç¬ü°ê§@®a¸â©i¤h•Àj¼w·Å¦b1960¦~¥N¶Â¤H°ê±Ú¥D¸q¡B¶Â¤H¨k©Ê±¡¼¤¡B»P¶Â¤H¨k¤l®ð·§ªºÁc½Æ¥æ¿ù¤§»Ú¡A¦p¦óµ¦²¤©Ê¦a¨ó°Ó¨äºØ±Ú»P©Ê§O¨¥÷»{¦P¬Fªv¡A¨ÃÅé²{¦b¨ä¤p»¡¡m¥t¤@Ó°ê«×¡n¤¤¡C²Ä¤@³¹´£¥X¡AÀj¼w·Å¥H¨ä¶Â¤H¦P§Ó§@®aªºÂù«¡]Ãä½t¡^¨¥÷¡A·N±ýÂǸӤ奻®iºt¤@ºØ¼Ò¸W¨â¥iªº±Ô¨Æ¬ü¾Ç¡A¥ç§Y°w¹ï¤÷ÅvÅé¨î»P²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv±Ä¨úªí±ªÖ©w¡B¹ê«h¤ÏÂнèºÃªº±Ô¨Æµ¦²¤¡A¶i¦Ó´¦ÅS¨âªÌ¤§¤¬¬°ªí¸Ì¡A¨ÃÄAÂЩʧO»P±¡¼¤Ã¦¬É¡A³Ì²×«¶ì«D¸Ç¬ü°ê¶Â¤H¤§¨k©Ê®ð½è¥B¸¨¹êºØ±Ú¥¿¸q¡C²Ä¤G³¹¥H«D¸Ç¬ü°êªÀ·|¦b1960¦~¥Nªº¶Â¤H°ê±Ú¹B°Ê»P¥ÁÅv¹B°Ê¬°¥D¶b¡A²`¤J±´°Q«D¸Ç¬ü°ê¨k©Ê¦b±j½ÕºØ±Ú¥»½è»Pª§¨úºØ±Ú¦Ûªv¤§»Ú¡AµL¡]¦³¡^·N¶¡½Æ»s¬Æ¥B±j¤Æ¤F¤÷ÅvÅé¨î»P²§©ÊÅÊÅQÅv¡A§Îºc¤F©Ò¿×¡u¶Â¤H¶W¯Å¨k¤l®ð·§¡v¡]black
super-masculinity¡^¡C¥»¤å²Ä¤T¦Ü¤³¹§Y¥H¦¹¬°¾\Ū¶b½u¡AµÛ«¤ÀªRÀj¼w·Å¤p»¡¡m¥t¤@Ó°ê«×¡n¤¤ªº¤¦ì¨k¥D¤H¯Î¡C²Ä¤G³¹¨Ï¥Î¤FSedgwick¦³Ãöhomosocialityªº·§©À¡C
½²ºû©¨µÛ¡C¡Õ±Ä°Q¸â©i´µ.¥]¼w·Å¤p»¡¡m¦N¼Ú¤Z¥§ªº©Ð¶¡¡n¤¤©Ê¼¤¨ú¦Vªº«Øºc,
§é°J,
¤Î½Ä¬ð¡Ö(On
Sexual Identity in James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room: Its Formation, Negotiation, and Conflict)¡C°ê¥ß¤¤¿³¤j¾Ç¥~°ê»y¤å¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2001¡C
¥»½×¤å¤@¶}©l§å§P¦ò¬¥¨Ì¼wªº²§©ÊÅÊ»{¦P²z½×¡C¥t¥~¡A¤]©áÀ»©v¿Ë¨t²Î¤Î²§±ÚÁp±Bµ¥ªÀ·|¾÷¨î¡AÁôÂäF¤£³Q»{¦P¤Î©Ó»{ªº¦P©ÊªÀ¥æ¼¤±æ(homosocial
desire)¡C¤å¥»¤ÀªRµÛ«¤G¤¸¹ï¥ß²§/¦P©ÊÅʪºÃö«Y¡A¤p»¡¤¤¤j½Ã¡A¬°¤FÃÒ©ú¦Û¤v¤£ÄÝ©ó¦P§Ó±Ú¸s¡A¥L¥H»Àµø¤Î¹½´c(abjection)ªººA«×¨Ó±¹ï¦Û¤v¤Î§O¤Hªº¦P©ÊÅÊ¡C¤£¹L¥LÂ\Àú©ó²§/¦P¨âÓ»â°ì¤§¶¡ªºµ²ªG¡A¥uÃÒ©ú¤F¬É½u¤w³Q¥L¸ó¶V¤Î±Y¸Ñ¡A¦P©ÊÅʹï¥L¦Ó¨¥±q¨Ó´N¤£¬O¥LªÌ(other)¡C¤j½Ã®IÂéó¤ß¤¤»P³ì¨Ìªº¤@¬q±¡¥v¡A
¥H¦ò¬¥¨Ì¼wªº²z½×¸ÑÄÀ¡A¸g¹LÀ£§íªºªF¦è¦pªG¦A¦¸¯B²{¡A«h·|³y¦¨¦p¦¹®£Äߪº®ÄªG¡C¥L¥H´Û¿f(passing)ªºµ¦²¤±a¤W²§©ÊÅʪº±¨ã¡AµM¦Ó¨ì³Ì«á¥L¹ï¦N¼Ú¤Z¥§ªº·R¤wµLªk§_»{¡Cµ²»yªÖ©w¥]¼w·Å¥Î¤ß³B²z¦p¦¹¨üª§Ä³ªºÃD§÷¡A¥Lªº¦¨´NµLªk³Q¿i·À◦
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