1. close-up

--enhancing audience''s identification with a character''s experience

2. alteration in focus

--Most films aim at a very deep field of focus in which everything from the foreground to the far background is clear and sharp.

3. soft focus on a character or background

--romantic or lyrical effect

4. ''rack'' focus (one face in focus, the other blurred)

--direct the audience''s attention from one character to another