Consumption & Popular Music

from "Introduction" Consumption and Everyday Life Hugh Mackay.

 

Definition & Keywords
Chinese explanation
Popular Music

 

key words: standardization, pleasure, appropriation, everyday life

  • three definitions: waste/use up, pleasure, everyday practice and related to our identity.


  • "Our concern is with how cultural texts or artifacts are used in everyday life.  . . . consumption (and its focus, the home) is seen increasingly with its own practices, tempo, significance and determination" (3-4)
  • consumption (reading in literature) and production (writing) are mutually constitutive.

"mass culture critique" (3)

A. The Frankfurt School 

Consumption served the interest of manufacturers seeking greater profits, and citizens became the passive victims of advertisers. 
major targets of attack: 

  • standardization

  • Americanism

 
 

"symbolic goods & identity" (4-5)

A. Bourdieu 
Symbolic goods function as signs, and are used to signify prestige, status and social standing. 
B. Baudrillard's society as pastiche (拼貼) 
We become what we buy: signs and signifying practices are what is consumed. . .Signs have no fixed referent.

"pleasures of consumption" (6)

e.g. bricolage 
appropriation, 
Although far from radical, these informal practices constituted tactics of subversion and for 'getting by.' 

everyday life  

  • as productive consumption

  • as the opposite to 'the system'


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    愚/娛眾文化」(mass culture)與「大眾文化」(popular culture)

     

  • 愚/娛眾文化」(mass culture)--阿多諾 (Adorno) 認為,文化工業culture industry--以好萊塢電影為元凶--即是愚眾文化。它的結構分枝工整、類似、組織嚴密,「將藝術的高/低、雅/俗之分打破」;它的意識型態力量強大,以致令消費者成為劃一、無自主性、無批判性的群眾("Mass"; 85-89)。不同文化行動中,必然同時有不同程度的意識形態控制及抵制。國家或資本體制的「主流」文化,可以藉由國家機器,尤其是各種大眾傳播媒體,來控制、同質化(homogenize, massify)大眾。於是乎有所謂的俗眾文化 (mass culture)


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  • 「大眾文化」(popular culture)--晚近文化研究者則漸漸抬高消費者的地位(cf. Modleski ix-xviii; Lunt 10);主要理論家有德.瑟鐸(Michel de Certeau)費斯克(John Fiske)

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      德.瑟鐸認為消費本身即是主動的再創造 ("active re-creation" Poster 102); 它是「機動性」、「化整為零」地暗自改寫或「竊取」, 利用「強加在身上的外力」在一個不屬於自己的地方「再創造」。換言之,消費者就是移民,離開了傳統的團結社會,在工業科技社會中四處流浪,並把自己的他者性(otherness)帶入這個社會(de Certeau 40; Poster 103)。

      同樣 地,費斯克也不認為消費是被動的;他認為大眾文化是「在社會制度下產生意義及樂趣的主動活動」(24)。

       

      德塞佗( de Certeau)與費斯克(Fisk)都認為大眾文化〔或「日常行為」(everyday practice)〕是沒有權力、地位低下的人民的文化("the culture of the subordinated and disempowered",是人民在日常生活的消費行動中「主動」產生的樂趣及意義(de Certeau xv, 18; Fiske 4-5; 31-32)。 如費斯克所言,大眾文化必然包含了權力關係,有主流(國家或資本體制)文化的控制,也有大眾文化的規避或對抗。但德塞佗及費斯克在闡述大眾文化時,重點在其如何化整為零、打游擊式地竊取、改變、操作、巧取( poach, adapt, manipulate, trick)國家主流文化
       

      • 都市的漫步者flaneur:

      對de Certeau而言,日常生活(practice of daily life)就是介入、挪用權力的方式﹔改寫固定的公共都市版圖的方式之一就是在都市中的個人行走

       

      de Certeau指出,行走之於地圖就如同語言行為(parole)之於語言系統(langue)﹔行走(或謂「行人的語言行動」或寫作)說/寫出了城市的多重空間。「行走肯定、懷疑、試驗、僭越、尊敬它所『說出』的軌道」(97-99)。如果都市地圖上有工整的街道,行人的腳蹤則是不規律的(東歪西拐走捷徑)﹔如果如果都市地圖是完整的,行人的「空間」故事則是以偏代全(de Certeau用的是修辭語synecdoche,提喻),省略連接詞(asyndeton﹔100-10)。於是,人們在都市行走,一方面可能是遵循既有的軌道或被困於其中,一方面可能是寫/走出多重的空間故事,藉以突破物質困境,挪用都市空間。

       

      • 以地鐵火車為例

      de Certeau指出,地鐵是城市系統的一部份,本身帶有城市的監督和控制系統;火車既動也不動;「既分隔觀看者和存在者(beings)也連接他?她?它們」。實際上,使車站活動起來的是「一波波的乘客/夢想者」,在活動世界中,「不動的機器……像是被破解(undone)的神」(111-14)。

    地圖/空間設計

    langue

    漫步

    parole, narratives

    • 政府的空間規劃; 工整的街道


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    • 俯瞰都市--在紐約世貿中心,或任何高樓大廈

    • 監控系統,冷硬的地鐵

    • 行人的腳蹤-不規律的(東歪西拐走捷徑)

    • 行人的敘述-省略連接詞,以偏代全


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    • 在都市漫步


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    • 使車站活動起來

    如何結合兩種理論立場?
    電影、廣播節目,及肥皂劇既可被稱為「大眾文化」,也可被稱為「愚/娛眾文化」。稱之為前者,是強調中央控制、邊陲抗爭的雙向關係,批判之為後者,則著重在文化工業單向的控制及愚化大眾。

    References:

      de Certeau, Michel.  The Practice of Everyday Life. Tr. Steven Rendall. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984.
      Fiske, John.  Understanding Popular Culture.  NY: Routledge, 1989.
      Poster, Mark.  "The Question of Agency: Michel de Certeau and the History of Consumption."  Diacritics 22(1992): 94-107.

       

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    Popular Music

    Central Issues: importance of Image and Video;

    Ways of Consuming/Understanding Madonna, (Fiske)

    Pop vs. Rock/Folk,  the Function of Lyrics (Simon Frith)

     

    ·  John Fiske "Madonna-" from Reading the Popular pp. 95-113.

    ·  Madonna--

    1. her influence on the female teenagers' sense of (sexual) identity; her combination of angel, whore and mother images

    2. her parody of traditional female images; her puns (e.g. "Like a Virgin," Boy Toy)

    3. her lyrics

     

    • How to understand lyrics--"Why do songs have words?" Simon Frith (from Consumption and Everyday Life pp. 153-58)

    1. content analysis--

      • standardization --e.g. romantic love; "unreal," "trite" part of Mass Culture

      • expression of general social attitudes; social realism;

      • literary study--e.g. art rock as poetry

      • the distinction between pop and folk- pop as commodities and folk/rock as product of the people, pop as escapist and folk as consolation.


    This distinction is hard to make now.  e.g. campus folksong

    1. sociological approach--lyric not important to listeners.  Songs create a self-conscious teen generation.


        e.g. rock & roll, rap

    1. lyrics as play --p. 156 "Songs are more like plays than poems; song words work at speech or speech acts."

    We should thus pay attention to 1. performance, 2. genre differences
    "...song words matter most, as words, when they are not part of an
    auteurial unity, when they are still open to interpretation, --not just be their singers, but by their listeners too."

     

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