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Harriet Beecher  Stowe
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ÃöÁä¦rµü¡GUncle Tom`s Cabin;American Literature Survey I

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1811-1896

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Harriet Beecher Stowe
1811-1896
Julia Hsieh/Á¨Øæ¢
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 Biographic Sketch
 Her Works

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 Biographic Sketch  

Throughout her entire life, Harriet Beecher Stowe's works and everyday living were eminently affected by her religion. Although her Uncle Tom's Cabin has made remarkable profit for her and her family, the best seller indeed aroused national attention and controversy in many ways. This masterpiece of Stowe's made her a well-known antislaverist as well as a humanist that has a strong impact on Americans.
 
A. Family Background and Education
    Born in a religious family in Litchfield, Connecticut, Harriet Beecher was the one of the eight children in the Beecher family. Lyman, a Congregational reverent, and Roxanna Foote Beecher were devoted to their family and raised their children, trying to shower them with heavenly messages from God and biblical morality. Roxanna Beecher died when Harriet was a four-year-old, so the eldest (and the favorite) daughter of the family, Catherine, hence took place to act as a surrogate mother to her siblings. Harriet grew up with tremendous interest in reading and writing, which was a result of the encouraging parents and elder siblings. She attended Miss Sarah Pierce's school for five years before moving on to attend Hartford Female Seminary, founded by Catherine, who was absolutely committed to educating women after her fiance was drowned in an expedition. By serving doing the good, Catherine not merely educated young women of her time, she was considered an educator involved in feminism herself. Upon attending the school Catherine founded, Harriet began to bestow her fine writing works; after Harriet's presenting a few of her creation, however, Catherine was not pleased with her material and thence advised her to start teaching. When Lyman was appointed as the president of Lane Theological Seminary, the Beechers moved to Cincinnati, where Catherine founded another school – Western Female Institute. Harriet's literary sketch won her a major prize in the Western Monthly Magazine, and this further strengthened her faith and dedication to writing. Harriet met Eliza, who later became her close friend, and her husband Calvin Ellis Stowe, a biblical literature professor. Eliza deceased early, so Harriet went over to pay Stowe visit frequently; as a consequence, Harriet soon became Mrs. Stowe. Harriet (now Stowe) gave birth to five children within the first seven years of the marriage, which got her engaged in heavy-loaded domestic chores and financial responsibility. As the husband strived to take position of teaching in different locations, Stowe herself submitted her writings to Western Monthly and Godey's Lady's Book so as to hire some domestic help.
 
B. An anti-slavery writer shading a new light on the nation
   

In her early works, the themes that interested her are mostly social reform, women's place in domestic space and so on. Paul David Johnson has noticed how Stowe is sensitive toward the issue of death: in her works, the death scenes are always sentimental and tragic. Johnson indicated that sensitivity on death is possibly due to the bereavement of losing her mother at young age, acknowledging the little girl that was to be her elder sister but died in the infancy, the loss of her stepbrother, Freddy, and later, the trauma of losing two sons.

Almost every member in the Beecher family was anti-slavery. By 1837, the Beechers all supported the society of anti-slavery and endeavored to propel activities that could awake America 's awakening on the matter of humanity. It is believed that Stowe was influenced by Alexander Kinmont's speech that introduced that idea of the equality between the black and the white provided with social justice, enlightenment and civilization. Stowe was moved and inspired by the speech so that later she began to sketch on a novel that spur on the abolition of slavery. With a friend's help, she received the chance of visiting the plantation and speaking with some former slaves. According to Johnson, her writing strategy and the sketches of the novel were not formed until she had clear visualization of her sources and the material for her novel.

Further prompted by 1850' s Fugitive Slave Law, Stowe sent her story to National Era, and hence the installment began in 1851. She sold the story by three hundred dollars, and as a result of the prevailing positive reader's response, she agreed to forward the complete story as a publication as a book form in 1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin was hence published. By 1830, the novel was sold 300,000 copies and the nation was boiled by Stowe's courage with her enchanting and sentimental story.

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 Her Works
 

Before Uncle Tom's Cabin, there was an "apprentice" work called The Mayflower (1843), in which most stories were related with domestic depiction, about children, women and the sanctity of the household. Stowe continued to write in order to improve the financial status of the family and get help for the household. It was Uncle Tom's Cabin that has made her best-seller writer overnight and prosperous as a writer.

The publication of the novel, however, had different reader's reaction between the South and the North despite the increasing number of the Americans that stood out for the abolitionists. As John Adams has pointed out, "the original Uncle Tom's Cabin serial was a story, not a controversy" and no matter how emotional-tickling the novel has been, nevertheless, the releasing and the well-received publication soared in the number of the copies sold, the anti-abolitionists fought back by severe criticism that called the novel a Stowe's slanderous fiction with false assertions.

In 1853, therefore, Stowe composed A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin that explained and justified her stance of the whole matter. In accordance with Gerson's research, the defense brought about no further stir of condemning Stowe but tagged along more converters: ""If Mrs. Stowe did nothing else in writing the Key, she demonstrated that she was a conscientious reporter. She marshaled her facts and allowed them to speak for themselves, disciplining her anger and avoiding flamboyance in her approach" (79). Despite the number of the converts to the anti-slavery increased, the nation and the government gradually foresaw the distinct discrepancy between the stance of slavery and the psychological disparity was further draught, which might have triggered the Civil War.

Among Stowe's other works were Dred (1856), another slavery story, which was criticized as disorganized structure; The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862), a portrait of her New England childhood life; Lady Byron Vindicated (1870), by which she defended for her good friend, Lord Byron's wife against his mistress. Yet, of all novels of domestic issues and purposeful depiction of redemption, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which had once set the record of the most read American novel, remained her most known piece and her landmark of a lifelong writing career.

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Reference
Stern, Madeleine B. "Harriet Beecher Stowe." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol 1: The Amercan Renaissance in New England. Ed. Joel Myerson. Brucooli Clark Layman Book. Gale, 1978. 168-169.

"Harriet ( Elizabeth ) Beecher Stowe." Contemporary Authors Online. Gale, 2003.

Johnson, Paul David. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979. Gale. 579-601.

Adams, John R. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston: Twayne, 1989.

Gerson, Noel B. Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1976.
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