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Techniques:
alliteration; kenning; boasting; litotes (understatements); interlacing
(digression) story; epic
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Themes:
the transience and the potentiality--or inevitability--of
sudden attack, sudden change, swift eath is omnipresent in
Beowulf. There is little hope to escape--the strong sense of doom.
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Feud:
the tragic waste--the system of revenge repeated in the poem
feud peace feud ¡K
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Wars
settled by Beowulf peach kept Beowulf's death feud going on again the contest
/eternal conflict between dark and light, good and evil
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Fate:
"fate often saves the undoomed man when his courage is good." "God often
saves the man when his courage is good." Fate: God's will and
one's own courage together (p. 40) Courage is the quality that can perhaps
influence Fate.
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But
Beowulf himself is chiefly concerned not with tribal feuds but with fatal
evil that threatens to the security of the lands. Because the evil monsters
are outside the normal order of things, they require of their conqueror
something greater than normal warfare requires. Unlike Beowulf, the old
Hrothgar lacks this quality that later impels the old Beowulf to fight the
dragon. Hrothgar is not the kind of man to develop his human potential to
the fullest extent that Fate would permit: that is Beowulf's role.
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Boasting:
a warrior's tradition--a way of forcing oneself to achieve a higher level,
to find the best. When one boasts, he is choosing the heroic way of
life. One's boast becomes a vow; the hero has put himself in a position
from which he cannot withdraw.
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Treasure:Beowulf
gives the gift received from Hrothgar to Hygelac, his king (p.55)--a gesture
of good will, a gesture of generosity. These gifts are proof of Beowulf's
value/worth as a warrior. p.40
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Understatement(to
say less than might be said; a typical way of speaking in old English)
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Stories
of Sigmund and Heremod told by a scop (bard) seem to be
material outside the epic--digression(sth. not to the point)--stories
of earlier heros--but actually not.
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Interlacing
(weaving things together)
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Grendel's
mother's revenge: A simple story told in complicated way to make it
rich. The seeming digression is actually interlacing (a way oo understatement,
too) --for comparison and contrast. ex. Unferth & Beowulf
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Unferth
(a false hero; lost his name for valor) Beowulf (a real hero;
glory and fame)Beowulf (a good king: comfort to his people) Heremod
(a bad ruler, proud, brutal, cruel) p.49
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the
basic contradiction in social fabric of the time: