References
文本
Provider: Kate Liu /
劉紀雯
1999/10/7 初稿
摘要From German
Ideology (1846)
- four
forms of ownership: tribal, the ancient communal and State
ownership, feudal or estate, capitalist.
A. Ideology in General,
German Ideology in Particular
Men are producers of
their conceptions, ideas, etc.--real, active, as they are conditioned
by a definite develpment of their productive forces and of the
intercourse corresponding to these, up to its furthest forms.
(153)
Morality, religion,
metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding
forms of consciousness, thus no longer retain the semblance
of independence. They have no history, no development,
but men, developing their material production and their material
intercourse, alter, along with this their real existence, their
thinking and the products of their thinking. Life is not
determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life (Tucker 153-54)
- Ideology =
the ruling ideas of ruling class
The ideas of the ruling
class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: i.e., the class which
is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its
rulling intellectual force (Tucker172).
. . . each new class
which puts itself in the place of one ruling before it, is compelled
, . . ., to represent its interest as the common interest
of all the members of society.
- against the
"history-of-ideas" approach or evolution of the Spirit.
The whole trick of proving
the hegemony of spirit in history . . . is . . . confined to the
following three efforts.
1. One must
separate the ideas of those ruling for empirical reasons,
under empirical conditions and as empirical individuals, from
these actual rulers, and thus recognise the rule of ideas
or illusions in history.
2. One must
bring an order into this rule of ideas, prove a mystical connection
among the successive ruling ideas, which is managed by understanding
them as 'acts of self-determination on the part of the concept.'
3. To remove the
mystical appearance of this "self-determining concept"
it is changed into a person -- "Self-Consciousness"
-- or, to appear thoroughly materialistic, into a series of
persons, who represent the 'concept' in history, into the
'thinkers,' the 'philosophers,' the ideologists, who
again are understood as the manufacturers of history, . .
. as the rulers. (Tucker 173)
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Communist Manifesto
- 對工資勞工的廣泛定義;中產階級的革命性
- The bourgeoisie
. . . has played a most revolutionary part. . .
. has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored
and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted
the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man
of science, into its paid wage-laborers. (Anthology
257)
- 中產階級滅亡 (水可以載舟﹐亦可覆舟。)
- "The productive
forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further
the development of the conditions bourgeois property; on the
contrary they have become too powerful for these conditions
by which they are fettered, and as soon as they overcome these
fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society,
endanger the existence of bourgeois property.
(Anthology 259)
- "The essential
condition for the existence, for the sway of the bourgeois
class, is the formation and argumentation of capital; the
condition for capital is wage-labor. Wage-labor rests
exclusively on competition among the laborers. The advance
of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie,
replaces the isolation of the laborers, due to competition,
by their revolutionary combination, due to association.
. . . What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces above
all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory
of the proletariat are equally inevitable.
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"Base
and Supersturcture"
The totality of these
relations of production constitutes the economic structure of
society, the real foundation on which there arise a legal and
political superstructure and to which there correspond definite
forms of social consciousness. . . . It is not the
consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the
contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness.
(198)
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"Letter to Joseph Bloch"
[economic factor
as the ultimate factor]
--the ultimately determining element in history is the
production and reproduction of real life. . . . [but not]
the only determining one. . . . There is an interaction
of all these elements in which, amid all the endless number
of accidents . . . the economic movement is finally bound
to assert itself.
-- We make our history ourselves, but first of all, under very
definite assumptions and conditions.
-- . . . history is made in such a way that the final result
always arises from conflicts between individual wills, of which
each in turn has been made what it is by a variety of
particular conditions of life. (199)
-- [confirms the values of individual wills]
. . . from the fact that the wills of individuals--each of whom
desire what he is impelled to by his physical constitution
and external, in the final analysis economic, circumstances.
. . do not believe what they want, but are merged into an aggregate
mean, common resultant, it must not be concluded that their
value is equal to zero. (200)
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"Wage Labour and Capital" [a lecture]
-- 資本的累積來自於Wage
Labor的價錢和所生產的商品價錢的不同,也就是剩餘價值(surplus
value.)這些剩餘價值可以供資本家購買更多原料或wage
labor.
Labour power is . . . a commodity which its possessor,
the wage worker, sells to capital. (Tucker 204)
Labour power was not always a commodity. Labour was not
always wage labour, that is, free labour. The slave did
not sell his labour to the slave owner. . .
(Tucker 205)
Capital consists
of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence
of all kinds, which are utilixed in order to produce new raw
materials, new instruments of labour and new means of subsistence.
All these component parts of labour are creations of labour,
products of labour, accumulated labour. Accumulated
labour which serves as a means of new production is capital.
(Tucker 207)
Capital does not
consist in accumulated labour serving living labour as a means
for new production. It consists in living labour serving
accumulated labour as a means of maintaining and multiplying
the exchange value of the latter.
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Capital
Fetishism
"Whence,
... arises the enigmatic character of the product of labor,
so soon as it assumes the form of commodities? Clearly
from this form itself. . . . finally, the mutual relations
of the producers, within which the social character of their
labor affirms itself, take the form of a social relation
between the products.
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