References
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Morality, religion,
metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding
forms of consciousness, thus no longer retain the semblance
of independence. They have no history, no development,
but men, developing their material production and their material
intercourse, alter, along with this their real existence, their
thinking and the products of their thinking. Life is not
determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life (Tucker 153-54)
. . . each new class
which puts itself in the place of one ruling before it, is compelled
, . . ., to represent its interest as the common interest
of all the members of society.
1. One must separate the ideas of those ruling for empirical reasons, under empirical conditions and as empirical individuals, from these actual rulers, and thus recognise the rule of ideas or illusions in history. |
(Anthology 259) |
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The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation on which there arise a legal and political superstructure and to which there correspond definite forms of social consciousness. . . . It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. (198) [top] |
[economic factor
as the ultimate factor] [top] |
"Wage Labour and Capital" [a lecture]
-- 資本的累積來自於Wage
Labor的價錢和所生產的商品價錢的不同,也就是剩餘價值(surplus
value.)這些剩餘價值可以供資本家購買更多原料或wage
labor. Labour power is . . . a commodity which its possessor, the wage worker, sells to capital. (Tucker 204) Labour power was not always a commodity. Labour was not always wage labour, that is, free labour. The slave did not sell his labour to the slave owner. . . (Tucker 205) Capital consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence of all kinds, which are utilixed in order to produce new raw materials, new instruments of labour and new means of subsistence. All these component parts of labour are creations of labour, products of labour, accumulated labour. Accumulated labour which serves as a means of new production is capital. (Tucker 207) Capital does not consist in accumulated labour serving living labour as a means for new production. It consists in living labour serving accumulated labour as a means of maintaining and multiplying the exchange value of the latter. [top] |
Fetishism
"Whence, ... arises the enigmatic character of the product of labor, so soon as it assumes the form of commodities? Clearly from this form itself. . . . finally, the mutual relations of the producers, within which the social character of their labor affirms itself, take the form of a social relation between the products. |
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Work Cited:
Tucker, Robert C. ed. The Marx and Engels Reader. 2nd Ed. NY: Norton, 1978.
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