台灣、印度、加拿大後殖民文本︰

國族與性別

重要議題 (Important Issues)

Provider: Kate Liu / 劉紀雯

　

總論

I. 本課所提的問題：

如何處理「後殖民／第三世界女性」文本？
台灣有後現代女性小說嗎？後現代﹦非政治？
國家歷史和女性作家的關係？

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II. 國家與性別 (前提：國家與種族)—控制、利用、忽視、被建構、被反抗

1.  控制：建構國家//建構中產階級的性與性別規範（e.g. 生育控制；納粹反猶太人也反同性戀）
2.  利用：性別象徵——國家被性別化（The rape of Kuwait）
3.  利用或忽視：國家建構﹣﹣男性團結（male bonding e.g. 軍國主義
4.  多重關係：國家運動與女性 a. racism // sexism; b. feminist nationalism, feminist internationalism, queer nation

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III. 後現代主義、後殖民理論與女性主義

A. 後殖民理論議題＊去殖民化﹣﹣double optic, irony, remapping重劃(殖民者的)地圖, 多隙縫的疆界(Reiss);﹣﹣雜種，hybrid
  採用殖民文化＋在地關懷; 在他人的地圖上建構自我
 ＊後殖民批評者的定位﹣﹣介於metropolitan中央與postcolonial邊陲
     ——如何用適宜的理論範疇談論後殖民文學而避免文化殖民？
     ——如何重新檢討主流文化、西方典律與國家文學？
     ——universality vs. cultural diversity-Can*t the subaltern speak?  How do we listen to the subaltern?

Ｂ﹒後殖民與後現代的關係
parallels: de-centering, against History or any kind of totality, against humanist or imperialist subject, cultural strategies (e.g. parody, intertextuality, duality or indeterminacy in meaning, problematizing of historical knowledge; irony, magic realism)
conflicts: postmodernism may be complicit with multi-national imperialism--MTV (or MacDonald's) as a multinational industry and its attempts at localization

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IV. 後現代男性小說

  • 〈將軍碑〉魔幻寫實手法寫國家歷史；將軍塗改歷史，他與夫人、兒子的關係
  • 〈四喜憂國〉嘲擬「告全民同胞書」; 四喜的文字教育（楊文龍，總統文告，報紙，廣告、兒子的傳教詞）和國家書寫和古蘭花的戰鬥
  • e.g. Salman Rushdie, Robert Lepage

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V. 後現代／後殖民女性作者——和男性有何不同？和主流有何不同？

女性︰李昂、平路

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VI. 國家與性別-重要導論書目

  1. Sylvia Walby.  "Woman and Nation."  Mapping the Nation. Ed. Gopal Balakrishnan, Introd. Benedict Anderson.  NY: Verso, 1996: 235-55.
     
  2. Joanne Sharp Sharp, Joanne P.  "Gendering Nationhood: a feminist engagement with national identity."  Body space.  Ed. Nancy Duncan.  NY: Routledge, 1996.
     
  3. 國家議題與女性作家——邱貴芬〈族國建構與當代台灣女性小說的認同政治〉《思與言》34.3 (1996): 79-112.
     
     
    1970中葉到1980初期——閨秀文學

    閨秀文學（86-）的「張」腔；時代因素（美麗島事件﹐中產階級女性就業機會增加，受國家主流論述支持） 

    ——勾結論；micropolitics質疑父權，《千江有水千江月》的台灣書寫 

    ——國家敘述多半處於隱性狀態98 

    • 1987解嚴後女作家推出標榜族群立場歷史記憶小說
      e.g.朱天心〈想我眷村的兄弟們〉的直接辯解， 
      袁瓊瓊的《今生緣》的婉約敘述、蘇偉貞《離開同方》和《沈默之島》的失根陳燁《泥河》
    ——分裂狀態：男女情愛與國家政治關懷各自發展 
      1990性別與國族認同互相嵌入的女性小說。e.g《迷園》、《荒人手記》中國族與性別的複雜關係：矛盾／共犯

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國家、空間與身分認同、身體

  • Nation, Space & Identity
  • Nation, Identity & Body
Nation & Space spatial, horizontal control* the public and the private (family) mapping: 
center and margin		 national culture
Identity   national subject 
-subjection, 
-the speaking subject & the spoken subject 
--		 personal: 
identity formation & the role of family (psychoanalysis); 
self-projection, idealization		 self-location, identity in the circuit of production, regulation, consumption, representation.
(Cf. Stuart Hall, "Introduction: Who Need 'Identity'?"  Questions of Cultural Identity.  Ed. Stuart Hall & Paul du Gay, London: Sage, 1996.)

national control-spatial e.g.  Lefebre  For L, space simulates or "appears as reality inasmuch as it is the milieu of accumulation" or growth, of commodity exchange or capital,"....modern space must be interpreted within the complex thematics of "abstract space"-that homogeneous realm manufactured by an immense network of banking systems, business conglomerates, and information lattices that produce space and commercial power... "Sovereignty implies space" (The Production of Space 280).  Space can be described as the necessary zone where power achieves its concreteness.

Nation, Identity & Body
 

Nation 
-national space 
--"constructed out of a set of relationships"--through mapping 
　		 Identity 
two-way building --interface 
local, embodied, situated knowledge		 Body 
as an inscriptive surface, as network 
location-private, public (production places) 
"power actively marks or brands bodies" e.g. birth control 
--violent power		 sexuality controlled- in reproduction, desire, spectacle (object of gaze) 
ways of resistance 
--performance, 
--shaping and dressing body-parody & masquerade 
 
　
--less aggressive power sign

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結論︰集思廣義

　

１·國家與性別︰可能的關係－－控制、利用、忽視、被建構、被反抗等多重關係
 
 
Nation: colonialism; militarism;  capitalism/desiring machine civil control cultural representation
Gender trope, victim (wife, soldier, prostitute) commodity/desired body birth control, census, marriage laws, etc. symbol of nation, or excluded from national representation

2.  國家議題與作者的定位政治
--There is no "Third World Women"; "colonizer vs. the colonized" dicotomy over-simplify postcolonial conditions.
--Under these premises, can we still find out any common points among these writers in similar positions?

  • 性別︰male: 張大春、林燿德、Salman Rushdie、Robert Lepage
                 female (feminist):     李昂、朱天心、平路、Margaret Atwood、Sara Suleri
                the third sex: Larissa Lai
     
  • 族裔（移民與邊陲）台灣︰「外省人」（眷村子女）、第二代台灣人／後現代作家、台獨支持者
                     印巴︰ Salman Rushdie vs. Sara Suleri
                       加拿大 ︰白人 vs. 華裔
--Who are the marginals in their works?

３．國家、殖民者與移民

  • 殖民者--What is colonization in the narrow sense and the broad sense?  (Different kinds of colonizers: 將軍、白色恐怖時代的國民黨、美軍、Raj & the American cowgirl in India; Gillead
  • 文化殖民--What is cultural colonization?  e.g. nationalization of Islam in Pakistan, Lepage(?), national control of language and media.
  • 移民 --the theme of homecoming: e.g. S. Rushdie, B. Muhkerjee, S. Suleri, Julian Samuel; How about Larissa Lai?
  • 女性--What are women the receiving end of many interrelated kinds of colonization?  e.g. 《迷園》、The Handmaid's Tale
    　
４·移民與女性的抗爭方式、國家認同: transgression, dual narrative,
    transgressions:
  • generic: the use of romance, fairy tale, myth and legend in Atwood and Lai,
  • historic: the fusion of public and private histories by Suleri and Atwood
  • transgression: violence (killing),
    　
5. Nation and Narration (Representation in postmodern fiction)
  • Different postmodern narrative strategies: Suleri's selective treatment of memory, Atwood's framing the female narrative,
  • different constructions of Taiwan: 李昂(her presentation of postmodern society)，朱天心(her use of film)，平路(history textualized in 平路)

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(external) Literary Criticism Databank: Postcolonialism