·®æ»P§Þ¥© (Style and Technique)
Emily Dickinson¾D¹J¨ì¨C¦ì¸Ö¤H©Ò±Á{ªº¦P¼Ë°ÝÃD¡G¦p¦ó¥Î·sªº¤âªk§â¼ô±x¥¤Zªº¨Æª«±Ô»¡¥X¨Ó¡C¦o¨Ã«D¦³·N·Qn§ï¤å¾Ç¶Ç²Î¡A©Î³Ð³y·sªº·®æ¡A¦Ó¬O¦ÛµMªºµo®i¡A§Î¦¨¤FÄÝ©ó¦o¦Û¤vªº¡A¤@®M¿W¯Sªº±Ôz¤èªk¡C¦³·Nn¥Î«D¤Zªº¤èªk¨Ó³¯z¥¤Zªº¨Æª«¡C¦o¼gªºªF¦èªìŪ®É¡A¦ü¥GÅã±o·®æ¥¤Z¨Ã¥B³æ½Õ¡A¨ä¹ê³o¥u¬Oªí±¤W¦p¦¹;¦]¬°²ÓŪ©mªº»y¨¥©M·N¶H¡A«K·|±a¨Ó·sªºÅå©_¡A¨Ãµo²{¦oªº»y½Õ¥Rº¡¼ö±¡¡Aµ²ºc·¥¬°ºë¥©¡C »y¨¥(Language)
Emily Dickinson»{¬°³Ì½ÆÂø¦ÓµØÄRªº¤å¦r¡AÁa¨Ï°Ê¤H¦³¤O¡A¤]µLªk¹DºÉ¯EÃvªº¦t©z»P¤HÃþ¸gÅçÁßÂ䤯u¥¿¦³·N¸qªº¨Æª«¡C¦]¦¹¦aºÜºëºÜ¼{ªºn¥Î²³æ¥¹êªº¦r·J¡A¿ï¾Ü¦³±ø¤£¯¿ªº¤åÅé¡C¦o³Ì¤jªº§Æ±æ¦ü¥G¦b¤O¨D¤å¦r¥»¨²M´·©ú¥Õ¡A¥H«K§âŪªÌ²@¤£¸ê¤Oªº¤Þ¤J¸gÅ窺¥»¨¡C ¦oªº¸Ö¦ü¥G¥þ¬O¬°¦Û¤v¦Ó¬°ªº¡C©Ò¥Îªº»y¨¥¬Oµo§ç¦Û§Ú¥@¬É¤º¦b¥Í¬¡ªº´C¤¶¡CŪ¦oªº¸Ö¡A¥O¤H³V±o´X¥G´N¹³¦bÅÑÅ¥¦o©M¯«©_ªº¦r©z¦b¤@¤ù¹çÀRÁn¤¤«Õ·|¤@¼Ë¡C
¦oªº¸Ö¡A»y¨¥Â²³æ¦Ó¤º®eÁc½Æ¡A¨ä¶¡¦ü¥G¦³ºØ¦ü«D¦Ó¬Oªº¤£©w¡C¦³¦ìµû½×®a§â³o¤@ÂIºÙ¬°¡u¦Û»{µL¤Oªº¦³¤O¸Ö¡v (powerful poems confessing their powerless)ÁöµM¸Ö¤H³q±`·|¥ý©Ó»{¦Û¤v¥¼¯àºÉ±¡ªí¹F¥X¥L·Qnªí¹Fªº¸gÅ窺¥þ³¡¤º®e¡C±q³o¤@¤è±¬Ý¨Ó¡A¦³¨ÇEmily Dickinsonªº¥|¦æ¸Ö(¨Ò¦p¡AJ.288, J.441, J.1078)»á¹³¤¤°ê¸Öªº¡uµ´¥y¡v;¤]´N¬O»¡¡A«ä·Q¹³¬O¦b³Ì«á¤@¦æ¬ðµM¤¤Â_¡AÅýŪªÌªº·Q¹³¤OÄ~Äò¥hª±¨ý³o»ò´X¦æµu¸Ö©Ò¿E°_ªº¸gÅç¡C¦o¼g¸ÖÁ¿¨D·Nºë¨¥Â²¡A§Ò¿Ð¨±°j¦±§é¡A³o«K¬O¦o¥Î¦rªº¥t¤@Ó¯SÂI¡C¨eªº¸Ö³£«Ü²µu¡A¦n¥Î¤ñ³ëªk¨Óªí¹F¦t©zªº¡u¹ê¦b¡v¡C§ÚÌ¥i¥H¦C¥X¤@¨Ç¦o¨å«¬ªº¤å¦r§Þ¥©¡A¨ÃÁ|¨Ò»¡©ú:
1)¤Þ³ë(Allusion)
'And neigh like Boanerges'(J.585)«K¬O³Ì¦nªº¨Ò¤l¡C¦o§â¸t¸g¤¤ªº¤@¾ã¬q¿@ÁY¦¨Boanerges¤@Ó¦r¡A¨Ã¥B§â¥¦¹B¥Î¨ì·í®Éªº·s^®æÄõ¦a¤è¡C¦o¤£¥Î¯«¸Ü¤¤ªº°¨¦W¡A¦Ó¿ï¾Ü¡u¹p¤l¡vsons of thunder ³o¼Ëªº¦W¦r¨Ó¤ñ³ë¡CC¿q§âÍ¢ªº¨âÓªù®{¥s°µ¡u¹p¤l¡v¡A¦]¬°¥L̦³¦p¤õ¯ëªº¼ö¸Û¡C¦o¤]³\¬O¦b«ÕÀq ªº·t¥Ü·í®É¨º¨Ç³ÙÄ[ªººt»¡®a(³o«K¬OBoanerges¤Þ¦ù¥X¨Óªº ·N¸q)¡A³o¨Çºt»¡®a´¿¸Ø¤j¨äµüªº»¡¡A·í®ÉÅK¸ôªº¶}³q¬O·s®É¥N ª«½è¶i¨Bªº¶H¼x¡C
2¡^Åå»y(Aphorism)
"Men do not sham convulsion,/Nor stimulate a throe"(J.1,3-4)¡C³o¨â¦æ¸Ö«K¬O²zÓ¤HµhW¡A¥HÅå»yªí¥Üªº³Ì¦n¨ÒÃÒ¡C³¾»ï¤§®®¦Õ»P§_¨ú¨M©óÅ¥ªÌ¤§¦Õ¡C³oӨƹê¥H¤U¦C¤T¦æªº³s¥yªí²{±o²M·¡©úÁA: The "Tune is in the tree"/The sceptic showeth me/"No, sir! ln thee!"(J.526,13¤@15)
3)©_³ë(Conceit)
³oÃþªº¨Ò¤l¥i¦b¡CABirdcamedown¦åewalk"³oº¸Ö ¸Ì§ä¨ì¡C¸Öªº³Ì«á¤»¦æ´y¼g°¨©M½¹½ºªº¬YºØ¬ð§´¡C¥t¤@ӧ󳱺G¥i©È¦Ó½ÆÂøªº©_³ë¨£©ó¦oªº¤ò¸Ö"Because l could not stop for death" (J.712):
We pause before a house that seemed As swelling of the ground; The roof was scarcely visible¡A The cornice in the ground.(17-20) ¬°n»¡©ú¦oªº·s«Î'house"´N¬O¤@®y¼X¹Ó¡A¦o«K¥Î¤F¨âÓ²Ó¸` ´N§¹¦¨¤F:¤@Ó´X¥G¬Ý¤£¨£ªº«Î³»(a "roof" that is scarcely visible")©M¤@Ó¦b¦a©³¤U§Î¦p´Ã»\ªº¸»\¡]a "cornice," the molding around the coffin',that is, in the ground")¡C 4)ĵ¥y(Epigmm)
ĵ¥y¤j·§¥Ñ°Ê¾÷¤@°Ê¦Ó±o¡AÄ´¦p"Exultation is the going Of an inland soul to sea"(J.76.L2)´N¬O¡Cĵ¥y±`¦b±a ¦³§Þ¥©©M¿Ø«fªº¥|¦æ¸Ö¤¤ªí²{¥X¨Ó: How dreary to be somebody! How public like a frog To tell your name the livelong June To an admiring bog (J.288.5-8) ³oºØ¸Ö¸g±`§Q¥Î³Ì«áªº¹ï°¸¥y°µ¬°Åå¤Hªºµ²§À(Surprise ending¡^ The Grass so little has to do¡A l wish l were a hay.¡O(3.19-20) 5)©Ê½è§Î®eµü(Epithet)
Dickinson¹B¥Î¾A·íªº§Î®eµü¤ù»y¨Ó«ü¥X¬Yª«ªº¯S®í©Ê:´y ¼g¨Æª«®É¡A¦o»¡¤ÑªÅ¬O"molten blue"(J.214);§Î®eÓ¤H®| §Ú®É¡A¦o»¡µhW«áªº·Pı¬O" quartz contentment (J.34l); ´y¼g¤j¦ÛµM®É¡A¦o»¡"sequestered afternoon"(J.1540)¡C 6)¸Ø±i»y(Hyperbole)
³oºØ§Þ¥©±`¨ã¦³¥O¤H¤j¦Y¤@Å媺¯à@¡C¨Ò¦p:¡C'debauchee of dew"(J.214)´N¬O¡C 7)Áô³ë(Metaphor)
¦b¡DBecause l could not stop for death"ªº(J.712)³oº¸Ö¦k¸Ìcarriage³oÓ¦r¦L¥Nªí»P¦º¤`¤@°_¨B¦V¥Ã®Ùªº¯«¹C¡C 8)¤Ï½×»y(Paradox)
¦b" I like to see it lap the miles"(J.585)³oº¸Ö¤¤¡A¤õ¨®ªº©Ê½è³Q§t½kªº¤©¥H¨Ã¸m¡A³oÓ"omnipotent"ªº¾÷¨®¦b ¸Öªº³Ì«á¤@¸`¸Ì¤wÅܤp¤F¡AÅܬ°¹¥¨}¦Ó¤S"docile"ªº°¨¡C¦b¥t ¤@º¸Ö"There's a certain slant of liht"(J.258)ùØ¡A¤Ï ½×»y¤S©M¥Ù¬Þ×¹¢ªk(Oxymoron,¤@ºØ§ó¬°Â²©úªº¤ñ³ëªk)¦X ¦Ó¬°¤@¡C¦p¡Cheavenly hurt"´N¬O¤@Ó¦n¨Ò¤l¡C 9)Á¼»y(Riddle)
¦b¥»¡u¾\Ū«ü¾É¡vùØ¡A¦³Dickinson¹³Á¼¤@¼Ë¬ù¨âº¸Ö¡A ¬Æ¬°§t»W¡C¨ä¤¤¤@º¬O³o¼Ë¶}©lªº;'How happy is the little stone/That rambles in the road alone" (J.l510); ¥t¤@º¬O"As imerceptibly as grief /The summer lapsed away" (J.l5¦p)³o¨âº¸Öªº¶}©l¨â¥y¥O¤H§x´b¤£¸Ñ¡A¹³Á¼»y¤@¯ë¡C¦]¬°§ÚÌ·|ÃhºÃ;¡u¤p¥ÛÀY«ç»ò·|§Ö¼Ö©O?¡v;¡u®L¤é«ç »ò·|¹³´d¶Ë¤@¼Ë·È¨«©O?¡v ·N¹³(lmagery)
Emily Dickinson¸Öªº³Ì¤j¯S¦â¤§¤@¡A«K¬O¦o¯à§â³Ì©â¶Hªº·§ ©À¡A¨ü¦¨¨ã¦³¤H®æ»P·P¨ü¤OªºªF¦è¡A¥O¤Hı±o³o¨Ç©â¶Hªº·§©ÀµS¦p´x´¤¤¤ªº·N¶H¡C¥Ñ¦¹¥i¨£¦o²`²`ÁA¸Ñ·P©x¸gÅç»P¤ß²z¹ê½è¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C ¦o½×¦º¤`»Pµ´±æ¨âº¸Ö³Ì¯àÃÒ¹ê³o¤@¯SÂI¡C ±qµ²ºc¤W¬Ý¡A¦oªº¦W¸Ö " Because lcould not stop for death," ¨Æ¶T¤W¡A³B¦b³B²z¨âÓ©â¶Hªº¥DÃD¡A§Y¦º¤`»P¥Ã¥Í¡CnÁA¸Ñ³o¨âÓ©â¶Hªº·§©À¡AÁ`±o±q´XÓ·N¶H¤¤¥hÁp·Q¡A³o¨Ç·N¶H§Y"the carriage," ¡D¡Cthe fields of gazing grain"¡A"the setting sun," the coffin which is "a house that seemed/A swelling of the ground," »P"the horses head…toward eternity¡D" ¦]¬°¨eªº©â¶HÆ[©À¥Ñ·N¶H¤¤Áp·Q¦Ó±o¡A©Î³\§ÚÌ¥i¥H»¡¡A¦o¦P®É¡u¬Ý¨ì¡vÆ[©À¡A¡u·Q¨ì¡vª¾Ä±(She simultaneouly sees the ideas and thinks the perception)¡C³o¬O¤@º½×¤Î¦º¤`ªº¸Ö¡AÁöµMµh W¡A¦ý¦o«o¯à³B¤§®õµM¡A¤£°ÊÁn¦â¡A´N¹³²Q¤k²Ô¤hÀRÀR´§¤â¹D§O®Éªº ±¡´º¤@¼Ë¡C ¦b"There's a certain slant of light"(J.258)³oº¸ÖùØ¡A ©u¸`ÅܤƳQ¥Î¨Ó·í°µ¤ß²zÅܤƪº¨ã¯Ã¶H¼x¡C¸Ö¤¤ªº·N¶H³z¹J´XÓ·P©x¨Ó»¡©ú¥Îµ´±æ¦Ó¿E°_ªºµhW°ÝÃD¡CCharles R. Anderson¦bEmily Dickinson's Poetry: Stairway of Surprise ¤@®Ñ¤¤µû½×¦p¤U: ¤º¦b¸gÅç¨Ã«D¥Î¨¥»y¨Óªí¹F¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¸Ö¤¤¿ùºî½ÆÂøªº·N¶H©Ò«P¦¨¡Aì¨Ó¥u¬O¤@Ó¨ú¦Û¤j¦ÛµM©Î»aªÅ¤¤ªº·N¶H¡A ¸g¥Ñ¤º¤ß¦Óªð¦^¦ÛµM®É¡A·N¶H¤W°_¤F·¥¤jªºÅܤơC³o³\ ³\¦h¦hªº·N¶H¡A¥Î¨Óªí¥Üµ´±æ®É¤º¤ß¤dÅܸU¤Æªº±¡ªp¡A ³o¨Ç·N¶Hì¬O©¼¦¹¤£¬ÆÃöÁp¡A¥Ñ©ó¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¡A¦]¯à¬Û¿Ä¬Û¦X¡A¦b°}°}Åå©_Án¤¤¹D¥X¤F§@ªÌ·Qnªí¹Fªº·N©À¡C¨º ºØµL©w§Îªº©Ê½è³Ìªì¥Î¤@¹D¥i¥HÁA¸Ñ¦Ó¨¹µL±q®»ºNªº¡u ¥ú¡v¨ãÅéªí²{¥X¨Ó¡C¦A»¡¡A³o¤@¹D±×¥ú¡A¨Ó·½¤£©ú¡A¤© ¤H¤ß´Ýªº¼vÅT¤£¯P¡A´N¹³µ´±æªº·Pı³q±`µ¹¤©¤ß¿ñªº½ÄÀ»¤@¼Ë¡C¦b¤é¼Ç·³§À¤§»Ú¡A§Ú̲שóµo²{ì¨Ó¬O¤@¹D¡u ÄY¥V¤È¦Z¡v»a¥Õªº¥ú¡C¦pªG®L¤é¶H¼x¥Í¬¡ªº§¹º¡»PÅw´r ¡A¥V©u¤È¦Z¸Ó¬O¶H¼x¬Ý¥Í¬¡ªº´Ý¯Ê»P´d«s¡C
Ánµªº·N¶H(sound image)§â¶Ç²Î¤¤ªí²{»þ¥V©Ò¥ÎªºÄ²Ä±·N¶H (tactile image)Åܱo§ó¥[¨I´e¡A¦]¬°²øÄYªºÄÁÁn©Î·µ^Án§â¥úªi§Å¦¨Ánªi¡A¨Ï¤H´ý¨³£¯à·P¨ü¨ì¥¦ªº«¶q¡C¸Ö¤¤¡A¶}©l®É¬O»¡"heavely hurt"¡A«öµÛªí²{¨ü¶Ëªº·N¶H(image of injury)¡A¦b¦r¸Ì¦æ¶¡ ¥X²{scar©Maffliction¡C³Ì«á¡A¹B¥ÎÀÀ¤Hªº¤âªk¡AÅý¤@¹B©_²§¦Ó¤S ²Y²Dªº¥ú¥X²{¡C³o¹Dº¥º¥®ø³uªº¥ú´N¹³¦º¯«¤@¯ë¡A¸Uª«¬Ò¦]®£Äß¦Ó«Ì ®§¥H«Ý¦º¤`±aµÛ¯¥ÍªºÁy¤Õ¡A´N¹³¤@Ó¯«¯µªº²§¶m«È¡C³o¤@¨Ó¥Í»P¦º¦b¦¹¸Ö¤¤«K§Î¦¨¤F·¥¤jªº®t¶Z¡C
¯S®íªí²{ªk (ldiosyncrasies) °Q½×Dickinsonªº¸Öªº»y½Õ©Mµ²ºc¤§«e¡A§ÚÌÀ³¸Ó¯d·N¦oªºì ½Z¤¤¨º¨Ç¯}®æªº¦a¤è¡C¨ä¯}®æ¤§³B¬ù¥i¤À¬°¥|ÂI:¡]¤@¡^«÷¦rspelling) ¡A(¤G¡^¤j¼g(capitahzation)¡A¡]¤T¡^¯}§é¸¹(dashes)¡A¥|¤À¸`ÅÜ¤Æ (stanzaic variations)¡C
(¤@¡^»P¡]¥|¡^¨âÂI®Õ¤£«n¡AµL»Ý¯S§O»¡©ú¡C¦ý¹ï¨ä¤j¼g©M¯}§é¸¹ªºÅÜ ¥Îªk¡A¾ÇªÌ±M®aÌij½×¯É¯Æ¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦b'I went to heaven¤@"(J¡O 374¡^³oº¶È¦³¤¤Q¦rªº¸Ö¸Ì¡A´N¦³¤Ü¤TÓ¯}§é¸¹¡A¤Q¤@Ó¤j¼g(¨C ¦æ¶}ÀYªº¤Q¤»Ó¤j¼gÁÙ¤£pºâ¦b¤º)¡C ¦o³o¼Ë¦s·N¨Ï¥Î¤j¼gªº¤âªk¥²¦³¨ä¯S®íªº¥Î·N¡A¦o©Î³\§â¤j¼g¦r ¬Ý¦¨¹ê»Ú¦s¦bªºÈ®Ù¡A»P²³¤£¦P¡C¦o³ßÅw¥é·ÓCarlyle©M¼w»y¬ù¼g ªk¡A§â¦Wµü³q³q¼g¦¨¤j¼g¡C¦³¦ìµû½×®a»¡¡A¦o³o¼Ë°µ¡A¬O·Q§â²øÄY°ª ¶Qªº®ð½è¤Þ¤J¯«¸Üªº½d³ò¤¤¡C³o«K¬O¦oª±§Ëªá©Ûªº¯S§Þ¤F¡C¸Ö¤¤¨Ï¥Î¦UºØ¤£¦Pªø«×ªº¯}§é¸¹»P±×½u¡C¨ä¥Îªk¬O§_¤@P¡A¦Û¦¨ Åé¨t¡A¼ÐÂI²ÅÂI¬O§_¦b¤åªk¤W©ÎÀ¸¼@¤W¦¬¨ì®ÄªG¡A³o¤@ÂI¡A¾ÇªÌ±M®a ̤]¬O²³»¡¯É¯Æ¡C¦oªº¯}§é¸¹¤£¥u¬O¦L¶H¬£ªº²Å¸¹¡A¥Î¨Óªí¥Ü°±¹y©Î±j½Õ¡C¤åªk¤Wªº¤À¥yªk«h¤]µLªk§¹¥þ¸ÑÄÀ³o¨Ç²Å¸¹ªº¥\¥Î¡A¦b¦oµ§¤U ³o¨Ç²Å¸¹ÀH®É¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó¯}¶}¥y¤l¡A¦³®É¥X²{¦b¥Dµü»P°Êµü¤§¶¡¡A¦³®É ¥X²{¦bz»y»Pz»y(Predication¡^¤§¶¡¡C¦o¨Ï¥Î¯}§é¸¹ªº¥Øªº¤§¤@ «K¬O¦b±j½Õ¦oªº¨ººØ¤Ï¶Ç²Îªº³y¥yªk¡C¦]¬°¦oÅãµMªº¬G·N¯}Ãa¤åªk³W «h¡A¥H¨D¹F¦¨¯S®íªºÀ¸¼@©Ê®ÄªG(¦ý¨Ã«D³B³B¦¨¥\)¡C ¸Öªºì½Z¤¤¦³³\¦h¯S®íªí²{ªk¡A§â³o¨Çªº¨Ö½s¦b²{¥N×qª©¤W¡A³o¼Ë´¯¦³¦óÀuÂI¡Aµû½×®aªº¬Ýªk¤]¤£ ¤@P¡CDickinson¦b¥@®É¨Ã «D¾·~¸Ö¤H¡A¦o¦Û»{¥u¬OÓ·~¾lªº¤H½}¤F(?)¡A¦o¥i¯à§Æ±æ¦oªº¸Ö À]¾A«×ªº¥[¥H¾ãסC©¯¦n²{¦b¦³¤@©w¥»(defintive edtion)¡A®Ñ¦W¬O The poems of Emily Dickinson¡A¥ÑThomasH. Johnson½sq¡C ¦@¤À¤T¥U¡A¤@¤E¤¤¦~¥Xª©¡C®Ñ¤¤¦³³\¦h¿³²{¦s¤â½Z¤ñ¸û¬ã¨s©Ò±o ªº¦UºØ¸ÑÄÀ¡A¨ÑŪªÌ°Ñ¦Ò¡C³o¥»¾\Ū»²¾É¡A¦b½s±Æ¤W¡A°£¤F¤À¦¨¥|²Õ¤§¥~¡A¦p«e©Ò»¡¡A¸Ö«eªº½s¸¹±x¨ÌJohnson©Ò½s¸¹½X¡C°£¼ÐÂI²Å¸¹»P¤j¼g¦³©Ò§ó§ï¥~¡Aì¤å»PJohnsonª©§¹¥þ¬Û¦P¡CÁöµM§Ú̱ĥΤF²{¥N×q¥»¡A§Ų́èS©¿µø³\¦h¥i¯àªº¸ÑÄÀ:¦o¨Ï¥Îªº¯}§é¸¹©Î³\¤£ ¶È¬O¥Î¨Ó¨ú¥N¥yÂI©M¤À¸¹¡A¦Ó¬O¥NªíÄa©À»Pµ¥«Ý®É«Ì®§ªº¥ð¤î²Å¡A©Î ¬O²Ó·L·N¸q®t²§¤g¥©§®ªºÂà½Õ¡A¬Æ©Î¥i¯à¬O¤@®M·s¦¡µ²Å¡A´N¹³µ¼Ö¤¤ªº¤À¸`²Å¸¹¤@¯ë¡CŪªÌ¥i±N¤U¦C¨âª©»Pì½Z²Ó¤ß¤ñ¸û(¨£¹Ï)¡A¨Ã±ÀºV¼ÐÂI²Å¸¹ªºÅܤƦbÃÀ³N¤W¥i¯à²£¥Íªº¤£¦P®ÄªG¡C¡]±×Åé¦rªí¥Ü»P¥t¤@ª©¥»ªº¤£¦P¡^
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The soul selects her own society¡A
Then shuts the door To her divine majority Obtrude no more¡A Unmoved- she notes the the chariots pausing
At her low gate; Unmoved, an emperor be kneeling Upon her mat¡O I've known her hom an ample nation ¡Ä
Choose one; Then close the valve of her attention Like stone¡D ×qª©
The soul selects her own society¡A
Then shuts the door To her divine majority Present no more¡A Unmoved, she notes the the chariots pausing At her low gate; Unmoved, an emperor be kneeling Upon her mat¡O I've known her hom an ample nation ¡Ä
Choose one; Then close the valve of her attention Like stone¡D ¹ï©ó»P¦o¦P®É¥Nªº¤H¨Ó»¡¡AEmily Dickinson¬OÓ¿W¨ã³Ð¨£¦Ó°V½m¤£¨¬¡A¤S¤£À´¸Ö®æªº§@®a¡CÁöµM¦o¨Ï¥ÎÃý¸}(rhyme)¡A®ÇÃý(off rhyme)¡A¥b¿Óµ(assonance)¤£Á¿©Mµ(dissonance)µ¥µ¥§Þ¥©¨Ó±±¨î¦o¹L¥÷¦Û¥Ñ¬ùªí¹F²ßºD¡A¦ý¬O¦o²×¨sÁÙ¬O¤@¦ì¤£©ë¤@®æªº¸Ö¤H¡C¦o©¿µø¦¨³W¡A¿n²ßÃø§ï¡C¦pªG¤åªk¡B©ãÃý¡BÃý«ß¡B¤£ºÞ¤°»òªF¦è¡A¥un§«Ãª¦oªº«ä¸ô©M»¡¸Ü¦Û¥Ñ¡A¦o«K¤@·§´¬±ó¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦b¤À¸` (stanza division)»P±Æ¦æ(lne arrangement)¤è±¡A¦o«Ü¥ô©Ê¡A¬°¤Fn¹F¨ìÅ岧©Î±j½Õªº®ÄªG¡A¦o¤£±¤¨Ä¹H¥¿¹D¡A¿W³Ð¤@®æ
¡C »y½Õ(Tone) nÁA¸Ñ¦o¨ººØ»ª¦ü²³æ¹ê«h©â¶Hªº»y¨¥¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·¯S§Oª`·N»y½Õ¡A¥ç§Y¦oÅý§Ú̲âÅ¥¦oÁ¿¸Ü©Îºq°ÛªºÁnµ¡C¦³½ìªº¬O:¦oªº¸Ö¦³¤@¦Ê ¤¤Qº¬Ò¥H¡u§Ú¡v¦r¶}ÀY¡C¦Ó¡u§Ú¡v³oÓ¥N¦Wµü¡A¥¿ÂI¥X¦oªº¥Í¥¹ïªY½à¦oªº¸Öªº«n©Ê¡C¦oªº±¡·P´T«×»á¼s¡A´X¥i·§¬A¤HÃþ·P±¡ªº¥þ³¡ :¦³»P¥@µLª§ªÌ©ÒªíÅSªº¨ººØ·Å¬X¥B±o·Nªº¦Û«H¡A¤S¦³¨º¡u·s^®æÄõ¦¡¡v©t¿W¦Ó³æ¯Âªº¦Û¨î;¦³»´·L¿Ø¨ë»P«ÕÀqªºªÀ·|¸Ö;¤]¦³±¹ï¸o´c «Âµ´±æ¤§³V®É¡A¨ººØ§x´b©M®£Äß¡C
·Æ½]ªºµ§½Õ¥i¦b"i like to see it lap the miles"(J.565)³o º¸Ö¤¤§ä¨ì¡C¦b³oº¸Ö¸Ì¡A¶H¼xª«½è¶i¨B®ÉÃeµM¤jª«(¤õ¨®)¬¡¹³ Ó®ü¤¤ªº¤j©Çª«¡C¦¹¸Ö¤¤ªº¸`¡A¤S¹³¥|Óµe±ªº¥d³qº©µe;µe¤¤ªº "iron horse"¶Æµø¤@¤Áªº¹£¹L·G»ù¤u¤Hªº¯}«Î¡Cì¨Ó³o¨ãÃe¤jªº¾÷¨®¡A´N¬O³o¨Ç¤u¤H¦Û¤v³Ð³y¥X¨Óªº¡C¦Ó¤U±³o´X¦æ¸Ö«h¦b¿Ø¨ë¤H¤§´÷ ±æÁ¿±¡·P¤Î¨üÆg½à¤§¤ßÅU¡C
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