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Robert  Frost
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¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½¡Ghttp://www.pro-net.co.uk/home/catalyst/RF/
¥D­n¤åÃþ¡GPoem
¸ê®Æ´£¨ÑªÌ¡GKate Liu/¼B¬ö¶²;Ray Schulte/¿½²Ã¹p;Edward Vargo;Kevin Yao/«À³Í¤¸
ÃöÁä¦rµü¡GModern and Contemporary American Poetry;Introduction to Literature: Poetry VI: Society (1998)

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1874-1963

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    ÁöµM¦ò¬¥´µ¯Sªº¸Ö¦W¥H¤Î¥L¦Û§Ú»{¦Pªº­ì¶m¦bªF³¡·s­^®æÄõ¡A¥L«o¬O¥Íªø©ó¦è³¡¤Ó¥­¬v©¤ªºÂª÷¤s¡C¤@ª½¨ì¥L11·³¤÷¿Ë¥h¥@«á¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S»P¥À¿Ë¤~¾E©¹·s­^®æÄõ¡C¼g¸Ö¹ï¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¨Ó»¡¡A¬O¤@ºØ¡u¼È®Éªý¾×²V¶Ã¡v("momentary stay against confusion")ªºÃÀ³N¡A¨Ã¥B¥i±N¨ä¥¢§Çªº²{¹ê¥Í¬¡¡A­«·s¯Ç¤J¥¿­y¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¤£¶È±aµ¹¥@¤H¸Öªº¥þ·s­·»ª¡A¨Ã¥BÂǵۼg¸Ö±Æ¸Ñ¥Lªº¤£¦w¡BµJ¼{»P­«¾ã¥Í©R¤¤ªº¯´§Ç¡A¹F¨ì¤@ºØ©M¿Óªº¹Ò¦a¡C

    ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¥X¥Í©ó1874¦~3¤ë26¤é¡C¤÷¿Ë«Â·G¡D´¶¨½´µ¬ì¯S¡D¦ò¬¥´µ¯S(William Prescott Frost Jr.)²¦·~©ó«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç«á¡A±Û§Y¶i¤J»«¦{ªº¤@©Ò¾Ç®Õ¥ô¾¡Aµ²ÃѤF¦P¬O±Ð®vªºÄ¬®æÄõ¸Çªº¥ì²ï¨©©Ô¡D­`¨f(Isabella Moodie)¡A¨Ã°ù¦o¬°©d¡C¨â¤H±B«á«K¾E©~ª÷¤s¡C¤÷¿ËÁöÂà·~¬°³øªÀ°OªÌ»P½s¿è´Á±æ¼W¥[®a¤¤¦¬¤J¡A«o¦]³¤°s°ÝÃDÄY­«¼vÅT°·±d¡A¥À¿Ë«KªÓ­t°_®a®xªº­«¾á¨Ã¦b®a¤¤±Ð¾É¤p¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¡C¥ì²ï¨©©Ô¨Ã¤£­n¨D¦ò¬¥´µ¯S«ö·Ó³W©w¤W¾Ç¡A¦Ó¬O¶¶µÛ¥Lªº­Ó©Ê¡A¥R¤Àµo®i¥L¿W¥ßªº¤H®æ¡A³o«o¤]³y¦¨¤é«á¦ò¬¥´µ¯S­Ó©Ê©tÂ}¡B¤£¦w©ó¤u§@¡A¥H¤ÎµLªk®³¨ì¾Ç®Õ¤å¾Ì¡C

    ¤÷¿Ë©ó1885¦~¥h¥@«á¡A¥ì²ï¨©©Ô¦b¨ä¤÷ªº¦w±Æ¤U¡A±aµÛ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S«e©¹·s­^®æÄõ¡C1892¦~¦ò¬¥´µ¯S²¦·~©ó³Ò­Û´µ°ª¤¤¡A¨Ã¥B¬O·í©¡ªº¾Ç¥Í¸Ö¤H(Class Poet)¥H¤Î­P§i§OÃ㪺¥Nªí¡C»P¨ä¤@°_­P§i§OÃ㪺¤k¦P¾Ç¡A·R²ú¿Õ¡D±öÄR¦w¡DÃh¯S(Elinor Miriam White)¡A3¦~«á¦¨¬°¦ò¬¥´µ¯Sªº©d¤l¡C¦ò¬¥´µ¯S·í®É«K¥ß§Ó¦¨¬°¤@¦ì¸Ö¤H¡A¨Ã¤wµoªí¥Lªº²Ä¤@­º¸Ö "La Noche Triste"¡C1892¦~¡A¯ª¤÷§Æ±æ¥L±q¨Æ«ß®v¤u§@¡A¨Ã¦w±Æ¶i¤J¹F´µ­T´µ¾Ç°|(Darmouth College)¡C¥Ñ©ó­Ó©Ê¨ÏµM¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S©ñ±ó¦b¹F´µ­T´µ¾Ç°|ªº½Ò·~¡AÄ~Äò¸Öºq³Ð§@¡C³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A¥Lµ§¯Ñ¤£ºó¡A¦ý§@«~¤£Â_¾D¨ì°h½Z¡Cª½¨ì20·³(1894)®É¡A¸Ö§@¡q§Úªº½¹½º¡G»µºq¡r("My Butterfly, an Elegy")¥Zµn©ó¡m¯Ã¬ù¿W¥ß³ø¡n(The New York Independent)¡A¨Ã±o¨ì¤@µ§15¤¸ªº½Z¶O¡C¦Û¦¹¡A¥L²`«H¼g¸Ö¥i¥Hºû«ù¥Í­p¡C¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¬°ªí¼y¯¬¡A±N¥Lªº¸Ö§@¦Û¶O¦L¨ê¦¨®Ñ¡A´£¦W¬°¡mÄf¥ú¡n(Twilight)¡C¥L¥u¦L¤F2¥»¡A¤@¥»¦Û¤v«O¯d¡A¥t¥~¤@¥»Ämµ¹·R²ú¿Õ¡C¥Ñ©ó¦o¨Ã¤£»â±¡¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¥¢±æ¤§¾l«K¾P·´¤F¨ä¤¤¤@¥»¡C³o­Ó¨Æ¥ó¤]¹w¥Ü¤F©¹«á±B«Ã¥Í¬¡©Ò±a¨Óªº½Ä¬ð»P±i¤O¡C

    ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S»P·RµY¿Õ©ó1895¦~µ²±B¡C³o­Ó±B«Ã«o±aµ¹¦ò¬¥´µ¯S·¥¤jªº§xÂZ¡A¤]¼vÅT¤F¤é«á¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¸Ö¤¤ªº¥DÃD»P»y½Õ¡C·RµY¿Õ©t»÷¡B§N²H¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¤]¤éº¥¦Û§Ú©t¥ß¡A¦]¦¹¨â¤Hªº±B«ÃÃö«Yºò±i¡Aª½¨ì1938¦~·RµY¿Õ¥h¥@¡C¨Ã¥B±B«á¡A¨â¤H¬Ò¥ô±Ð¾¡C¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¬°¤F§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº±Ð¾Ç¡A¥H¯S§O¥Í¶i¤J«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç¬ã²ß¡C¦b¬ã²ßªº2¦~¶¡¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯SÀò±o¥j¨å»y¨¥ªºª¾ÃÑ»P«Â·G¡D¸â©i¤h(William James)­õ¾Çªº±Òµo¡C¦ý¤@¦p©¹±`¡A¥L©ñ±ó¾Ç¦ì¡AÂ÷¶}¾Ç®Õ¡A°l´M¦¨¬°¸Ö¤Hªº¹D¸ô¡Cªø¤l¦ã²¤¯S(Elliot)©ó1900¦~¤Ô§é¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¤Ò©d¨â¤HªºÃö«Y§ó¬O³·¤W¥[Á÷¡C¦ò¬¥´µ¯Sªº¯ª¤÷«K©ó·sº~´¶°pªº¼w·ç(Derry)¶R¤U¤@®y¹A³õ¡A¬°ªº¬OÅý¤Ò°ü­Ç§Ñ°O³à¤l¤§µh¡A¨Ã§Æ±æ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¯à¦n¦nªº¤u§@·ÓÅU®a®x¡C

    ¼w·ç¹A³õªº³o¬q´Á¶¡(1900-1909)¥i»¡¬O¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¤@¥Í¤¤³Ì´I©ó³Ð³y¤Oªº®É´Á¡C¦b¹A³õ¡A¸Ö¤Hª½±µ±µÄ²¤F·s­^®æÄõªº¶m³¥¥Í¬¡¡A³o¤]´£¨Ñ¥L¤é«á¸Ö§@¤¤¤£Â_¥X²{ªº¦ÛµM·N¶H¡C¦ý³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S­±Á{¿Ë¤H¦º¤`¡G¥À¿Ë¡B¤j¨à¤l¥H¤Î¯ª¤÷©ó1900¡B1901¦~¥ý«á¯f³u¡C³o¨Ç¥´À»¨Ï±o¸Ö¤H³´¤J§C¼é¡A­«·s«ä¦Ò¥Í©R¥H¤Î¦Û¨­¦s¦bªº·N¸q¡A¨ÃÂà¤Æ¤ß¤¤ªº´d¶Ë©ó¸Öªº³Ð§@¡C¦p¦P¥L»¡ªº¡A¥H¸Öºq¡u¼È®Éªý¾×²V¶Ã¡v¡C¸Ö§@ "Home Burials"«K¬O¦¹®É´Á¬°¤F±¥©Àªø¤l¤§¦º¦Ó§@¡C

    ÀHµÛ¤éº¥¼W¥[ªº¤l¤k¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S®a¤¤ªº¸gÀÙ­t¾á¤]¤é¯q¨H­«¡A¦A¥[¤W¸Ö§@¤£³Q½àÃÑ¡A¤£Â_¾D¨ì°h½Z¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯SÅܽæ¹A³õ«á¡A«K±aµÛ¤@®a«e©¹­^°ê¡A§Æ±æ¡uÄ~Äò¼g¸Ö¦Ó¤£­P¦]¬°³h½a¨Ï®a®x»X²Û¡v("write and be poor without further scandal in the family")¡C°±¯d­^°êªº³o¬q´Á¶¡(1912-1915)¡A¦¨¬°¸Ö¤H¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¤@¥Í¸Ö·~¤¤³Ì­«­nªº°_ÂI¡C1913¦~¡m¨k¨à¤§§Ó¡n(The Boy's Will)¥Xª©¡A¸Ö¤HÃe¼w(Ezra Pound)µ¹¤©¬Û·í¦nµû¡C³o³¡¸Ö¶°¥D­n¬O¸Ö¤H¼gµ¹©d¤lªº±¡¸Ö¡A¦ý¬O¸Ö¤¤ªº¥DÃD«o¥R¥¸µÛ¹ï¦ÛµM¬É¤¤«D¤H©Êªº¥LªÌ(nonhuman otherness)ªº®£Äß»P¤£½T©w·P¡C1914¦~¦bÃe¼wªºÀ°§U¤U¡A¥Xª©¡mªi¤h¹y¥H¥_¡n(North of Boston)¡C¦¹¸Ö¶°¤£¦ý¨³³t¨«¬õ¤j¦è¬v¨â©¤¡A¨Ã¥B¦¨¬°¦ò¬¥´µ¯SµLÃý¸Ö(blank verse)¸ÖÃÀªº³Ì¨Î¥Nªí¡C¦¨¦W«á¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S±N¦Û¤v¶ì³y¦¨¤@¦ì½è¾ë¡B·Å¬Xªº·s­^®æÄõ²ø¶é¸Ö¤H¡A¨Ã¥H¦¹§Î¶Hí©T¤F¥L¦b¬ü°ê¤å¾Ç¥v¤W¿W¯Sªº¦a¦ì¡C

    ¦¨¦W¤§«áªº¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¡A¤£Â_¨üÁܦܦU¦aºt»¡¡B®Ô»w¡A±µ¨ü³\¦h¤j¾ÇªºÁܽоá¥ô±Ð¾¥H¤Î¾n®Õ¸Ö¤H¡C¦¹¶¡¥L¤]¥Xª©¤F³\¦h­«­nªº¸Ö¶°¡C1916¦~¥Xª©ªº¡m¤sºÚ¡nMountain Interval¦¬¿ý¦³µÛ¦Wªº¦Û¶ÇÅ馡ªº¸Ö§@¡q¥¼´¿½ñ¨¬¤§¸ô¡r("The Road Not Taken")µ¥¡C¦Ó1923¦~¥Xª©ªº¡m¸Ö¿ï¡n(Selected Poems)»P¡m·sº~´¶°p¡n(New Hampshire)¬°¥Lűo¥Í¥­¥|®y´¶¥ß¯÷¼ú¤¤ªº²Ä¤@®y¡C³o¨â³¡¸Ö¶°¬O¥Ñ³\¦hµu¸Ö¶°µ²¦Ó¦¨¡A¸Ö¤¤µ²¦XÀ¸¼@©Ê±i¤O¥H¤Î¤j¦ÛµM·N¶H¤¤ªº¥Ù¬Þ¨Ó»P¤H¤º¦bªº³±·t­±¹ï¸Ü¡C¦Ó¸Ö¶°·í¤¤¤@¯ëŪªÌ³Ì¦Õ¼ô¯à¸Ôªº´N¬O¡q³·©]ªL¯`¤p¾n¡r("Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening")¡C¥»¸Ö¥Î»y²³æ¡A®æ«ßÄYÂÔ¡A·N¹Ò«h²`¤J²L¥X¡Aª¬¦ü¼g´º¡A«o§O¦³´J·N¡CÂǥѴyø¥V©]®È¤H¾n¨¬ªL¯`¡AÂI¥X¥Í©Rªº¿ï¾Ü¡G§Ü©Ú¦º¤`¡A§¹¦¨¥¼³º¤§·~¡C

    ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¥Í©R¤¤ªº¥´À»¦A¦¸­°Á{¡A¥L¥²¶·¦A¦¸­±¹ï¿Ë¤H¼°·Rªº¦º»P§OÂ÷¡G¥L³ÌÁé·Rªº¤k¨à°¨¹Å¯P(Marjorie)¦º©ó1934¦~¡A©d¤l·R²ú¿Õ¯f³u©ó1938¦~¡AÁ{²×¤§®ÉÁÙ©Úµ´¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¶i¤J¯f©Ð¡C¨à¤l¥dù(Carol)©ó1940¦~¦Û±þ¨­¤`¡C³o¤@³s¦êªº¥´À»¡A´X¥G¨Ï±o¸Ö¤H¦³´M¦ºªº©ÀÀY¡A¡u¦ý§ÚÁÙ­n¦u¤@¨Ç¿Õ¨¥¡A/ ÁÙ­n»°¦h¤Ö¸ô¤~¦w¯v¡A/ ÁÙ­n»°¦h¤Ö¸ô¤~¦w¯v¡v¡C¸Ö§@¡m¨£ÃÒ¾ð¡n(A Witness Three)¨£ÃÒ¸Ö¤H¨«¹L¥Í©R§C¼é¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¨Ã±N¦¹¸Ö¶°Ämµ¹À°§U¥L¨«¹L¤H¥Í§C¼éªº³ÍÂĪL¡D²ö²z´Ë(Kathleen Morrison)¡C¦Ó³o¬q®É¶¡¡A¸Ö¤HÀò¹{3 ®y´¶¥ß¯÷¼ú¡A±µ¨ü³\¦hºa»Î¡C¥Í©R³Ì«áªº¤G¤Q¦~¸Ì¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¨­¬°¸Ö¤H»P¦Ñ®v¡A¨µ°j¦U¤j¾Ç°|®Õ¡AºtÁ¿®Ô»w¡A¨Ãµ§¯Ñ¤£ºó¡A¦b¥L¤w°ªÄÖ89·³®É¡AÁÙ¥Xª©¸Ö¶°In the Clearing¡C¦ò¬¥´µ¯S©ó1961¦~¥Ì¤D­}Á`²Îªº´N¾¨å§¤W¡AÀòÁܮԻw¨ä¸Ö§@¡q¥þ¤ßªº©^Äm¡r("The Gift Outright")¡A¦¨¬°¸Ö¤H¤@¥Í¤¤³Ì¬°ºaÄ£ªº®É¨è¡C1963¦~1¤ë29¤é¦ò¬¥´µ¯S©ó³Â¦{ªºªi¤h¹y»P¥@ªøÃã¡C

    ¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¹ï²{¥N¸Öªº°^Äm¡A¦p¦P¥L¦b¡q¥¼´¿½ñ¨¬¤§¸ô¡r¤¤©Ò´y­zªº¡A¦b©ó¥L¿ï¾Ü¤F§Ü©Ú¦Û¥Ñ¸ÖÅé(free verse)ªº¼é¬y¡A±´¯Áµ²¦X¸ÖÅé»P·sÃÀ³N§Î¦¡ªº¥i¯à©Ê¡GµLÃý¸ÖÅé(blank verse)¡C¸Ö¤H¦Û¥Ñ¹B¥Î¶Ç²Îªº§í´­®æÃý«ßµ²¦X¤é±`¥Í¬¡¸Ü»yªº¦ÛµMÃý«ß·P¡A³Ð³y¤F¤@ºØ¨ãÀ¸¼@±i¤O¡A©{­Y¤f»y¡A«o²`¨ã­õ²z¸`«µªº¸Öªº»y¨¥¡C¨Ï¥Î¶Ç²Îªº§Î¦¡´N¦p¦P¦Ñ©±­«·s¶}±i¡A´L¶Ç²Î¸ÖÅ鬰¸ÖªººëÅè¡A¦ý¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¦ò¬¥´µ¯S«O¯d¤F¦Û¥Ñ¸ÖÅ骺¦Û¥Ñ»P¦ÛµM¡A¦p¦P¡u¥´¤@³õ¨S¦³ºô¤lªººô²yÁÉ¡v¡C¹ï¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¦Ó¨¥¡A¤@­º¦n¸ÖÀ³¸Ó¡u©l©ó³ß®®¡A¤î©ó´¼¼z¡v¡A¦]¦¹¸Öªº»y¨¥¥i¥H±N²V¶Ãªº²{¹êÂà¤Æ¬°¯´§Ç¡C·s­^®æÄõ¥Ð¶é¸Ö¤H¦ò¬¥´µ¯S¿ï¾Ü¤F¤@±ø¸û¤Ö¤H¨«ªº¸ô¡A³Ì²×«o¹ê²{¤F¦Û§Ú´Á«Ý¡A¤Æ¸Ñ¥Í©R¤¤ªº¤£¦w»P¥Ù¬Þ¡C

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Robert (Lee) Frost

1874-1963

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       One of the foremost American poets of the twentieth century, Robert Frost is famous for his folksy and rustic portrayal of New England. Although his poetic career established him as a successful poet in the world, his life, in fact, is full tension, crises, and reconciliation of both. Poetry, for Frost, is a "momentary stay against confusion." His poetry offers not only the readers a pleasure of reading blank verse poems, but also himself a way to resume order in life.
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 Beginning

 Success Abroad in England 1912-1915

 Back to United States: his position as a poet in American letters had been firmly rooted

 Great Depression of the 30's and the passing depression of the 40's

 The Last Year

 New England poet: Frost's idea about poetry and his contributions

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 Beginning
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Born in San Francisco, California, on March 26, 1874, Frost died on January 29, 1963, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the first son of William Prescott Frost Jr. (a newspaper reporter and editor) of New Hampshire and Isabella Moodie (a teacher) of Scotland. After his father died in 1885, the Frost family were arranged by the maternal grandfather to move to Lawrence, Massachusetts.

A. His education: a starting point of confusion, isolation and loneliness

  1. Frost was mostly taught by his mother. Under his mother's way of teaching, which filled him with tales of heroism but also indulged his lack of discipline, aversion to work, and dislike of school, Frost has his conflicting nature forged at such an early stage.
  2. Occasional attendance at Darmouth College (1892) and Harvard (1897-99), and a variety of different jobs marked the next twenty years.
  3. In Harvard, Frost learned the classical languages and the philosophy of William James.
  4. Because of his childhood experience of loneliness and his mother's teaching and indulgence, Frost had to deal with uncertainty and confusion in his life.

B. A turning point in high school years: the birth of a Poet

  1. When he was 16, Frost decided to be a poet. His first poem, "La Noche Triste," was published in the Lawrence High School bulletin.
  2. A class poet and co-valedictorian with Elinor White.
  3. At the age of 20, The New York Independent accepted his poem "My Butterfly, an Elegy," which launched his career as a professional poet with a check of $15.00.
  4. Published "The Birds Do Thus" in the Independent in1896.
  5. Unfortunately, his efforts in writing poetry did not bring him financial stability and literary fame.

C. Marriage with Elinor White at the age of 21: the tension not only persisted in their marriage until her death in 1938, but also affected the subject and tone of Frost's poetry.

  1. Elinor took no notice of his first published poem (Twilight), so Frost felt frustrated and destroyed the copy.
  2. Their marriage was strained by her silence and his self-centeredness.

D. The Derry period: 1900-1909
This period of time was among the most artistically creative of Frost's life. It also offered Frost the first real taste of rural New England life. However, at this moment Frost did not really identify himself as a farmer-poet as he acclaimed later in his life.

  1. His grandfather's help: worrying about his job; set up a farm for him.
  2. Suicidal crisis for Frost: loss of two dearly people. His mother and his first-born son Elliot died in 1900 and his grandfather died in the following year. His son's death triggered for the poem entitled "Home Burials," which published in North of Boston, 1914.
  3. Using poetry to release his depression, to provide a "momentary stay against confusion."
  4. Because of the rejection of the editors of American magazines, he took his family to England, where he could "write and be poor without further scandal in the family" and win more acceptance of his poetry.

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 Success Abroad in England 1912-1915
¡@ A. England: an intellectually stimulating environment to advance Frost's poetry.

B. In 1913, he published The Boy's Will. Ezra Pound reviewed it favorably.

  1. The poems, basically, is a collection of love lyrics written to Elinor, but it also looks at the theme of fear and uncertainty in the face of nature's nonhuman otherness. The collection includes "Mowing," "Storm Fear," "Into My Own."

C. With the help of Pound, Frost published North of Boston in 1914, which marked the turning point in his art career.

  1. While Pound, Eliot, and other poets revolutionized the writing of modern poetry by applying free verse, Frost added "sentence sounds," or the irregular rhythms of speech in this collection of poems. It marked Frost's major contribution to American poetry, that is, blank verse, the examples of which include "The Wood-Pile," "After Apple-Picking," "Home Burial."

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 Back to United States: his position as a poet in American letters had been firmly rooted.
¡@ A. Frost began carefully to construct a mask of the gentle farmer-poet, using art to order his life.

B. From this time, Frost received many honors as a poet and as a teacher at several colleges.

C. Important works

  1. Published Mountain Interval in 1916, including "Birches," "The Road Not Taken," "The Oven Bird," and "An Old Man's Winter Night."
  2. His only one-act play A Way Out in 1917.
  3. Published Selected Poems and New Hampshire (won him the first Pulitzer Prize out of the three) in 1923
    1. These two collection of poems are the short lyrics that combine dramatic tension and the ambiguities of nature imagery to communicate a dark world view, including "A Star in a Stoneboat," "Two Witches," "Fire and Ice," and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," which becomes his "best bid for remembrance."

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 Great Depression of the 30's and the passing depression of the 40's¡@
¡@ A. Death and Loss
  1. Death of his favorite daughter Marjorie in 1934
  2. Death of his wife Elinor in 1938. The long-term tension between Frost and Elinor ended with Elinor's refusal to let Frost visit her at her dying bed.
  3. His son Carol committed suicide in 1940.

B. Important works at this period

  1. Published Collected Poem of Robert Frost (second Pulitzer Prize) in 1930
  2. Published A Further Range in 1936, which won him the third Pulitzers Prize.
  3. Published A Witness Three in 1942 (fourth Pulitzer Prize) dedicated to Kathleen Morrison, who helped Frost to overcome the death wish and encouraged him not to be beaten by depression. The poem includes "Beech," "All Revelation," "The Most of It," "November," "The Silken Tank," "The Subverted Flower," "The Rabbit Hunter," and "The Gift Outright" (a poem about the heritage and responsibilities of American citizens).
  4. Published A Masque of Reason in 1945
  5. Published A Masque of Mercy in 1947
  6. Published Steeple Bush in 1947

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 The Last Year ¡@
¡@ Frost spent the last twenty years as a teacher and lecturer---at Amherst, at Darmouth, at Harvard, at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College in Vermont--- and in poetry readings and talks around the country.
  1. Published The Complete Poems of Robert Frost in 1949
  2. Reciting "The Gift Outright" in the inauguration of J. F. K. in 1961
  3. Published In the Clearing in 1962, including "The Draft Horse" and "In Winter in the Woods"
  4. Frost died on January 29, 1963 in Boston, Massachusetts.

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 New England poet: Frost's idea about poetry and his contributions
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  1. His contributions rest on his masterful uniting of iambic meter with the freedom of the spoken voice, which means Frost experiments with his style of setting traditional meter with natural rhythms of speech.
  2. In style, Frost loves "the old way of being new." For him, the traditional form is the essence of poetry, materials with which poets respond to flux and disorder by forging something permanent. "Writing free verse," Frost thinks, "was like playing tennis without a net." A good poem "begins in delight and ends in wisdom."

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Reference

American Decades CD-ROM. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2001. (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC)

Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vols. 7-26. Gale Research, 1992-99. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2001. (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC)

Baym, Nina and Franklin Wayne Eds. The Norton Anthology of American
Literature
. Shorter 5th ed. New York: Norton, 1994.

Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2000. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2001. (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC)

Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 7: 1961-1965. American Council of Learned Societies, 1981. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2001. (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC)

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