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Laura
Mulvey
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ÅÚ©Ô.²öÁ¨1941¦~¥X¥Í©ó^°ê¤û¬z¨Ã©ó1963¦~²¦·~©ó¤û¬z¤j¾Ç¾ú¥v¨t¡C¥Ø«e¦bÛ´°¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â¹q¼v»P´CÅé¶Ç¼½¡C²öÁ¨¦]¬°¨ä½×¤å
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(¡§Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema¡¨)
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Wollen©ç¹q¼v¡A¦³
Penthesileia: Queen of the Amazons
(1974),
Riddles of the Sphinx
(1977),
Amy!
(1980),
Crystal Gazing
(1982),»P
The
Bad Sister
(1983)¡C¦oªº§@«~¤]©IÀ³¨ä½×¤å
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(¡§Visual
Pleasure and Narrative Cinema¡¨)
²öÁ¨©ó1973¦~§¹¦¨¡Õµøı§Ö·P»P±Ô¨Æ¹q¼v¡Ö¤@¤å¡A¨Ã©ó1975¦~µoªí©ó^°êªº¹q¼v´Á¥Z¡m
Screen¡n¡C¦¹½g½×¤å±Nºë¯«¤ÀªR¾Ç»¡¡A¦p¥±¬¥¥ì¼w(Sigmund
Freud)ÁÙ¦³©Ô©£
(Jacques
Lacan)ªº²z½×¡A±a¤J¹q¼v¤ÀªR¸ÌÀY¡C·íµM¡A²öÁ¨¨Ã«D²Ä¤@¦ì±Nºë¯«¤ÀªR±a¤J¹q¼v°Q½×ªº¡A¦ý¦o±Nºë¯«¤ÀªR¡B¹q¼v²z½×¡B¥H¤Î¤k©Ê¥D¸q¤TªÌ¿Ä¦X¦¨¤@Å鬰¨ä¿W¨ì¤§³B¡C²öÁ¨¦b¥»¤å´£¥X¹q¼v¤¤ªº¤TºØ¾®µø¡G1.
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2.
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Æ[²³ªº¾®µø¡C²öÁ¨»{¬°¦nµÜ¶õ¥u±j½Õ²Ä¤TºØ¾®µø¡A¤]´N¬OÄÝ©ó¨k©Ê¥DÅ骺¦ì¸m¡C¦b¡Õµøı§Ö·P»P±Ô¨Æ¹q¼v¡Ö³Ì«nªºÆ[©À§Y¡u¨k©Ê¾®µø¡v(Male
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²öÁ¨¦b¤å¤¤«ü¥X¡A©Ê§Oªº®t²§»P¤£¥µ¥¤£¶È·|¥X²{¦b¹q¼vªº¤º®e©M¥DÃD¤W¡A¾ãÓ¹q¼v¾÷¨î(apparatus)¡A§Y¨å«¬ªºÆ[¬Ý¤è¦¡¡A³£¦s¦bµÛ³oºØ®t²§¤Î¤£µ¥¡C¥»¤åz»¡¦b¶Ç²Î¥D¬y¦nµÜ¶õ¹q¼v¤¤¡A¤k©Ê¬O¦p¦ó¦¨¬°¨k©Ê¾®µø¤Uªº¤@³Q°Ê«ÈÅé¡C³z¹Lºë¯«¤ÀªR²z½×¡A²öÁ¨»{¬°¬O¨k©ÊªºµL·NÃѫغc¤F³oºØ±¡¦â·R¼¤ªºÆ[½à§Ö·P¡C¤£¹L²öÁ¨©Ó»{¡Aºë¯«¤ÀªR¨Ã¤£¯à¸Ñ¨M©Ê§O¤§¶¡ªº¤£¥µ¥¡A¤]µLªk²×¤î¤k©Ê©Ò¨üªºÀ£¢¡A¦ý²öÁ¨±j½Õ¡Aºë¯«¤ÀªR´£¨Ñªº¬O¤@ºØ¦³¥Îªº¬Fªv¤u¨ã¡A¥H¥Î¨ÓÃÒ©ú³oºØ¨É¼Ö¾÷¨î¬O¨Ì¿à©ó¤k©Ê¦b¹q¼v¤¤ªº³Qª«¤Æ»P³Q¾®µø¡CÁ`¦a¨Ó
»¡¡A²öÁ¨«ü¥X¤k©Ê¦b³oÓ¨î«×¤Uªº§Î¶H¦³¤G¡A¤@¬°¨k©Ê¾®µø¤Uªº«ÈÅé¡A¨k©Ê¼¤±æªº¥Ø¼Ð;
¤G¬°¤k©Ê¬°ìI³Î«Â¯Ùªº·N²Å
(signifier)
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(mirror
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¡A¤HÌ¥H¦ÛÅʪº¼h±¨Óµo®iµø²]¡C²öÁ¨¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¡A¶Ç²Î¬y¦æ¹q¼vÀô¶µÛ¨âӮɨè¡G±Ô¨Æ®É¨è»P©_Æ[®É¨è¡A¦Ó±Ô¨Æ®É¨è»P¥D°Ê¨k©Ê¦³Ãö¡A©_Æ[®É¨è«h»P³Q°Ê¤k©Ê¦³Ãö¡C¨k©ÊÆ[²³·|©T©w¨ä¾®µø©ó¨k¥D¨¤¨¤W¡A§Y¼v¤ù¤¤ªºÆ[¬ÝªÌ¡A¨Óº¡¨¬¦Û§Úªº§Î¦¨¡C³oºØ¾®µøÃö«Y©IÀ³¤]¬O©Ô©£©Ò´£Ãè¤l«e¤§¿ë»{¡]©Î¬O»~¿ë¡^®É¨è¡C©_Æ[ªºÆ[¬Ý«h¬MÃÒ¤F¤k©Ê«ÈÅ骺¦ì¸m¡]©Ê«ÈÅé¡^¡C
¬°¤Fº¡¨¬§Ö·P¼¤±æ¡A¤S·Q°kÂ÷´o¤H¤£´r§Öªºìªì¥h¶Õ¸gÅ礣Â_ªº«ºt¡A¦¹®É¨k©Ê¦³¨â±ø¸ô®|¨Ó¸Ñ²æ¥H©è¹F»{¬°¦w¥þªº±¡¹Ò¡G¤@Âǵ۰½¿s¹ïìªìªº³Ð¶Ë®É¨è®i¶}¸ÔºÉªº½Õ¬d¡A¦Ó«P¦¨¹ï¦³¸o«ÈÅ骺Ãg»@¡B¶S§í©Î¬@±Ï¡A²öÁ¨¥Î¶Â¦â¹q¼v¨ÓÃÒ©ú¦¹»¡;
¤G¬°§¹¥þªº§_»{ìI³Î¨ÃÂǵÛÅʪ««ÈÅé¥H´À´«¤§¡A©Î±N¦A²{ªº¹ï¶H¤Æ¬°Åʪ«¹ï¶H¡C²öÁ¨¥Î¤k¬P±R«ôªº²{¶H¨Ó¦LÃÒ¦¹»¡¡A«ü¥X±¡¼¤ªºÆ[¬Ý´C¤¶±q¨k¤HÂà´«¦ÜÄá¼v¾÷©Ò´£¨Ñªº¤£¶·´C¤¶ªº¯Âºé±¡¼¤Æ[¬Ý¡A¦p¯S¼g¤k©Ê¬Y¨Ç³¡¦ì¡A¦Ó³o´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº©_Æ[®É¨è¡AÂǦ¹¨k©Êªº¥h¶ÕµJ¼{³Q¦w¼¾¡A¦³ºØ¦w¼¢·P¼¾¤§¡C²öÁ¨ªºµ²½×§YºR·´³oºØ¨Ï¤k©Ê¦¨¬°«ÈÅ骺¨î«×¡A¤~±o¥H¹ý©³¸Ñ©ñ¤k©Ê¡C
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§Y¨Ï²öÁ¨¤j¤O¹ª§jºR·´¦nµÜ¶õ³q«U¹q¼v¬J¦³ªº¨î«×¥H¸Ñ©ñ¤k©Ê¡A³\¦h¾ÇªÌ¤´µM»{¬°²öÁ¨ªº½×z¹ê»Ú¤WÁÙ¬Oµe¦a¦Û¡C¥LÌ«ü¥X²öÁ¨ªº½×zÁÙ¬O¨ü¨ì¤÷ÅvÅé¨îªº±±¨î¡A¦]¬°²öÁ¨©Ò»{©wªºÆ[¬ÝªÌ¶È©ó²§©ÊÅʨk©Ê¡A¦Ó§¹¥þ©¿²¤¤F¤k¦P©Ê
ÅÊ
¡A¨k¦P©ÊÅÊ»PÂù©ÊÅÊ¡C¥t¤]¦³¾ÇªÌ«ü¥X³q«U¹q¼vn¥H§¹¥þ¤k©Ê¤Æ¨ÓÆ[¬Ý©çÄá¹q¼v®Ú¥»¤£¥i¯à¡C¤k©Ê¥D¸q§åµû®aGaylyn
Studlnar§ó´£¥X»P²öÁ¨§¹¥þ¤£¦P½Õªº½×ÂI¡A»{¬°Æ[ªÌªºµøı§Ö·P¬O³Q°Êªº¡B¦Ûh¨g¦¡ªº¡A¦Ó¤£¬O²öÁ¨©Ò´£¥Xªº¥D®_¦¡ªº¡B¦³¤Oªº¡B§í©Îh«Ý¨g¦¡ªºµøı§Ö·P¡C
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°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø
Leitch,
Vincent B., ed. The Norton Anthology of
Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001.
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¬ÛÃöºô¯¸
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mulvey
https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/display/MarkTribe/Visual+Pleasure+and+Narrative+Cinema
http://www.arasite.org/mulvey.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaze
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¿à«F¾§µÛ¡C¡Õ¾®µø¡B³Ð¶Ë»PÅåÀb¡G¡m¨IÀqªº¯Ì¦Ï¡n¤§©Ô©£¦¡¾\Ū¡Ö(Gaze,
Trauma and Horror: A Lacanian Reading of the Silence of the Lambs)¡C²H¦¿¤j¾Ç^¤å¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2008¡C
¥»½×¤å¹B¥Î©Ô©£¤ß²z¾Ç²z½×¤ÀªR¬ü°ê¸g¨åÅ宪¹q¼v¡m¨HÀqªº¯Ì¦Ï¡n¤¤ªº¤k¥D¨¤§JµÜÄRµ·•¥v¹FµY¡A±´°Q¤£¦P©ó¤k©Ê¥D¸qÆ[ÂIªºÄ³ÃD¡C²Ä¤@³¹¥Î©Ô©£ºë¯«¤ÀªRõ¾Ç¤¤ªº¡u¾®µø¡v¥h¤ñ¸ûù©Ô•²ö¬°©Ò´£¥X¥H¡u¨k©ÊÆ[¬Ý¡v¬°¥XµoÂIªº²z½×¡AÂÇ¥H°Q½×¦¹¹q¼v¾Éºt±j¯Ç´Ë•}©i¦p¦ó¥Î¸Ñºc¡u¨k©ÊÆ[¬Ý¡vÆ[ÂIªº¤è¦¡¡A¥Î±µªñ©ó©Ô©£¤ß²z¾Çªº¤è¦¡«·s«Øºc¦¹³¡Å宪¹q¼v¡C®Ú¾Ú²ö¬°ªº²z½×¡A¹L¥hªºÅ宪¹q¼v²ß©ó¨Ï¥Î¡u¨k©Ê/¬Ý¡A¤k©Ê/³Q¬Ý¡vªº¼Ò¦¡¡A¥h«Øºc©Ê§O¤WªºÅv¤OÃö«Y¡C¦ý¦b¡m¨HÀqªº¯Ì¦Ï¡n¤¤¡A¾Éºt¦¨¥\¦a¹B¥Î·sªº¤âªk¦³§O©ó¹L¥h¡u¨k©ÊÆ[¬Ý¡vªº¼Ò¦¡¡A´£¨ÑÆ[²³¤@ºØ·sªºÆ[¼v¸gÅç¡C²Ä¤G³¹«h¬O±´°Q¤k¥D¨¤¥v¹FµY¥¢¥h¤÷¿Ëªº³Ð¶Ë»P¨ä¯f¯g¡B¼¤±æ¤§¶¡ªºÃö³s¡C¦b¥H©¹¤k©Ê¥D¸q¹q¼v§åµû¤¤¡A§â¤k¥D¨¤¥v¹FµY¹ï©óº~¥§©ÞÂå¥Íªº±¡·PÀǬN¡AÂk©S©ó¤k¥D¨¤ªºÅʤ÷±¡µ²¡C¦ý¦¹³¹¸`¡A§Ú±Ä¥Îºë¯«¤ÀªRõ¾Ç²z½×¤¤ªº²¾±¡§@¥Î¡A¥h¤ÀªR¤k¥D¨¤»Pº~¥§©ÞÂå¥Í¤§¶¡ªº¤¬°Ê¡B¥H¤Î¦o¸g±`¹Ú¨£¯Ì¦Ï¦y¥sªº¯f¯g¡A¬Ò¬O¦b¥LªÌ¤¤§e²{¨ä¤p¹ïª«ªºÅܧΡC¦Ó¤k¥D¨¤¤]±q³oÓ¯f¯g¤¤©IÀ³¤j¹ïÅ骺¼¤±æ¡A±q¤¤¨É¨ü§Ö·P¡C²Ä¤T³¹«h¬O±´°Qº~¥§©ÞÂå¥Í³oÓ¤Hª«©Ò¶H¼xªº·N¶H¡C¹ï©ó¥v¹FµY¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b¦oªº²¾±¡§@¥Î¤¤§ë®g¦bº~¥§©ÞÂå¥Í¨¤Wªº±¡·P¡A«ÜÅãµM¦a¬O¤@ºØ°l¨D§Ö·Pªº¨H·Ä¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤³oºØ¦æ¬°¤]§t¦³¹°¶V©Ê½è¡A±q¹°¶VªÀ·|¸T§Òªº¶ÃÛì«h¤¤±o¨ì§Ö·P¡C³z¹L¤Þ¥Î¦ò¬¥¨Ì¼wªº¡u¸Þ©_/¤G¤¸¡v²z½×¡A¦b¦¹³¡¤À¥h°Q½×º~¥§©ÞÂå¥Í¬O¦p¦ó¦b¤k¥D¨¤¨¤W¡B»P¶H¼x¬É¨âªÌ¤§¶¡§e²{¡u¯u¹ê¬É¤¤ªº§Ö·P¤÷¿Ë§Î¶H¡v¡C¥t¥~¡A¦³Ãö©ó¡u¯u¹ê¬É¤¤ªº§Ö·P¤÷¿Ë§Î¶H¡vªºÄ³ÃD¡A¤]±Nºî¦X¤å¥»¤ÀªR¥H¤Îº~¥§©ÞÂå¥Íªº¹¤H·N¶H¤¤¥h°Q½×¶H¼x¬É»P¯u¹ê¬Éªº¼Ò½k¡B¥Ù¬ÞÃö«Y¡C
·¨§g¬XµÛ¡C¡Õ¤k©Ê¾®µø¡G½×±Z¦è.³·¦òÄõ¤§<<À¹¬Ã¯]¦ÕÀôªº¤Ö¤k>>¡Ö(Female
gaze:on tracy Chevalier's Girl with a Pearl Earring)¡C¤¤¿³¤j¾Ç¥~°ê»y¤å¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2007¡C
¥»½×¤å¥H¨k©Ê/¤k©Ê¾®µøªº¿ëÃÒ·§©À¡A¬ã¨s±Z¦è•³·¦òÄõ(Tracy
Chevalier)¥Hºû±öº¸(Johannes
Vermeer)ªº¦Wµe¡mÀ¹¬Ã¯]¦ÕÀôªº¤Ö¤k¡n¬°ÂÅ¥»ªºµêºc¤p»¡¤¤¤Q¤C¥@¬öµe®aªº¦Û¥Ñ·N§Ó»P¥~¦b¼vÅTªºÃö«Y¡C²Ä¤@³¹À³¥Î¥¬¾|§J´µ(Peter
Brooks)ªº²z½×¡A¥H«I¥ÇÁô¨p(invasion
of privacy)»P¦b¨Åé¤W°µ°O¸¹(signing
on bodies)¨âÓ¤èªk¡A¦õ¥Hºû±öº¸§@¦¹µeªº§Þ¥©»P«á¤Hªº¸àÄÀ¡A¤@¨B¨B±Nµe¸ÌÀR¤îªº¤k«ÄÂàÅܦ¨¥Í°Êªº¤p»¡¥D¨¤¸¯¨½¸(Griet)¡F¨Ã¥Ñ¦¹¹Lµ{±o¥X«I¥Ç»P¤Ï§Üªº¿ëÃÒÃö«Y¡A©ó²Ä¤G³¹¸Ì±a¤J²öÁ¨(Laura
Mulvey)ªº¨k©Ê¾®µø(male
gaze)²z½×¸Ì¡A¸Õ¹ÏÃÒ©ú¤k©Ê¾®µø(female
gaze)ªº¦s¦b¡C¦P®É¡A¨k©Ê¾®µø©Ò¥Nªíªº¤÷ÅvÀ£¨î¡A´N¦p¦P·í¥NÃÀ³N¼é¬y¡A©Îµe®aÃÙ§UªÌ¹ïµe®aªº¼vÅT©În¨D¡Cµe®a¦Û¥Ñ·N§Óªº¤Ï§Ü¡A¦p¦P¨üÀ£¢ªº¤k©Ê©Ò°µªº¦^µø¤@¼Ë¡C²Ä¤T³¹´£¥X¤Ï¹ï²öÁ¨ªº¤k©Ê¥D¸qªÌÌ¡A¥]§t¤F¥d´¶Äõ(E.
Ann Kaplan)»Pð¦w(Mary
Ann Doane)©Ò¥D±iªº¤k©Ê¾®µø²z½×¡AÅý¤p»¡¤k¥D¨¤¸¯¨½¸¤@¤@¦^À»¦o©Ò¨ü¨ìªº¨k©Ê¾®µøªºÀ£¢¡AÃÒ©ú¤k©Ê¾®µø¦³©ºªA¨k©Ê¾®µøªº¥i¯à¡A¥ç§Yµe®aªº¦Û¥Ñ·N§Ó¯à¤£¨ü¥~¦b¼vÅT¦Ó«O¦³¦Û§Ú·®æ¡Cµ²½×¸Ì¤ñ¸û¤p»¡»P©ó2003¦~¤W¬M¡A§ï½s¦Û¤p»¡ªº¹q¼v¨âª©¥»°µÁ`µ²¡C
§E®Ë¦pµÛ¡C¡Õ¹Ïµe®Ñ¤§©Ê§O¬ã¨s¡G¥HªÝ¨©.¬_º¸¤å¥»¬°¨Ò¡Ö¡C¥xªF¤j¾Ç¨àµ£¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡A2004¡C
¥»¤å¥H¹Ïµe®Ñ¬ü¾Ç¡B¤k©Ê¥D¸qÆ[ÂIÀ˵ø¤Ú¨©¡E¬_º¸¡]Babette
Cole¡^¤å¥»§e²{¤§©Ê§OijÃD¡A´Nµ£¸Ü§ï¼gÃD§÷¡B©Ê¼¤¨ú¦V¡B¨Åé·N¶H¤Î©Ê§O¤À¤uµ¥¼h±¡A¨Ì¦¸±´°Q¤å¥»¦p¦ó³B²z©Ê¡B©Ê¼¤»P¨Åé¤TªÌÁc½Æ¥æ¿ù¤§Ãö«Y¡A¤ÎI«á©Òħtªº©Ê§O·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡C¬ã¨sµo²{¤Ú¨©¡E¬_º¸¤´¥H¡u³æ¤@©Ê¦V¼Ò¦¡¡v¡]mono-sexual
paradigm¡^§@¬°½×z°ò½Õ¡A¦¹¹w³]ÓÅé¬Ò¦³¤@©T©w¡B¥Ã¤£Åܧ󪺩ʨú¦V¡A¨ÃµL¹üÅã©Ê§O¤¤ÓÅ鱡¼¤¬y°Ê¤Î©Ê§O¨¥÷¦h¤¸¤Æ¤§¥i¯à¡C¦¹¥~¡A¬ã¨sªÌ¥HÅÚ©Ô¡E²öÁ¨¡]Laura
Mulvey¡^¡qµøı§Ö·P»P±Ô¨Æ¹q¼v¡r¾®µøÆ[ÂI¡AÀ˵ø¤Ú¨©¬_º¸¹ï¤å¥»¨¤¦â¨Åé·N¶H¤ÎªA¸Ë²Å½X¤§³B²z¡A¨ä¶Ç¹FªÀ·|¦óºØ³W°V·NÃѤΩʧO¼Ë»ª¡H¬ã¨sµo²{¡A¨ä½×z¦A²{¨k¥D°ÊÆ[¬Ý/¤k³Q°Ê®i¥Ü¤§µø²]¡]scopophilia¡^¤G¤¸¹ï¥ß¼Ò¦¡¡A¥H©Ê¼x¤ÎªA¸Ë±j¤ÆÓÅ餧¡u©Ê§O¤Æ¨Åé¡v¡A¶i¦Ó¥H¡u¥Í²z¨M©w½×¡vÆ[ÂI¾d©T²§©ÊÅʮ֤߮a®x¤§·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡C
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