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| Samuel Dickson Selvon |
| 山謬•狄克生•塞爾馮 |
| 主要文類：Novel |
| 資料提供者：Kate Liu (劉紀雯) |
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Background of Caribbean immigration to U.K.
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 The large flow of immigrants to U.K. after WW II.
The large flow stopped in the 60's
Differential incorporation of West Indians in UK (Stuart Hall's view)
UK in comparison with Canada
Gender Relations
References & Work Cited
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| The large flow of immigrants to U.K. after WW II. |
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[After a lot of Caribbean were recruited into the armed forces of Britain in the second World War],
they went home "to find a disappointing situation. Jobs were hard to find and the standard of living they could expect in their home islands was much lower than that which they had enjoyed in Britain. There were no restrictions on their entry into Britain, for their passports bore witness to the fact that they were 'citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies'. They began to trickle back to Britain to seek their fortunes and began to write home glowing accounts (backed up by cash remittances) of the varied opportunities available in the booming post-war British economy. Shipping companies, sensing a new avenue for profit, began to offer cheap fares to Britain in vessels returning to Europe and the migration developed rapidly. (R.. B. Davison qut in "An Introduction to this Novel" by Kenneth Ramchand, The Lonely Londoners Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1956: pp. 3-4.)
By the 1956, when The Lonely Londoners was first published, the annual figure for migrants from the West Indies had reached over 25,000. This was the period when extended families would materialise in the thin air of Waterloo Station ... ( Ramchand 4)
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| The large flow stopped in the 60's |
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By the mid-1950s the traditional open door policy to Commonwealth citizens began to be questioned, and in November 1961 a Commonwealth Immigrants Bill to restrict this flow was introduced in the House of Commons. The figures for 1960 and the first ten months of 1961 (52,655 and 52,849 respectively) represent a surge of panic arising from anti-immigration rumblings in the United Kingdom. But by this time, too, nobody believed that the streets of London were paved with gold or that the natives were all friendly.
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| Differential incorporation of West Indians in UK (Stuart Hall's view) |
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By the end of 1950's, the strategy of "Black assimilation" had already been cast aside…
Next came the strategy of "acceptance" which meant that Blacks took on and accepted the role of second-class citizens. Hall writes that "what was primarily at issue here was the differential incorporation of the Black community into the White respectable working class. Its outcome would have been, not fusion with, but "informal segregation" within, the culture of a subordinate class. …
Another strategy was to separate West Indians even further from mainstream society. In order to do this, West Indians had to form an enclave community, or what Hall calls "a colony society":
formation of the ghetto "colony" was defensive and corporate response. It involved the Black community turning in upon itself . . .in the face of public racism that rapidly developed. . . through the 1960's. In another sense, the foundation of colony society meant the growth of internal cultural cohesiveness and solidarity within the ranks of the Black population. (Henry 15)
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| UK in comparison with Canada |
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1. [Internal colonial model] Its applicability to the Canadian context is evident in the growth of a Black underclass in Toronto. . . . The development of a stigmatized underclass or "colony" further divides the Caribbean community, the majority of whom are among the "respectable working class"’ and the middle class.
Differences:
1. Britain began earlier, included more of the less educated and skilled . . .Although Canada encourage women to emigrate to fill domestic service vacancies, the number never reached significant proportions.
2. UK -- settle in and around London and the Midlands, the industrial area of the country. They are ghettoized in specific areas of cities. In Canada, . . .the pattern of industrial decline, . . . has not happened to the same extent as in Britain. (Henry 21)
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| Gender Relations |
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Perhaps one of the most basic relates to the ways in which male-female relationships are formed within Caribbean society, in which the bonds between men and women tend to lack emotional depth. The concept of westernized romantic love is, to some extent, missing in societies such as this in which instrumentality rather than affection appears to be the primary motivation in forming relationships, at least to the point of sharing a common household. . . . Men want sexual gratification and attention to their food, laundry, and other domestic needs.. . .A woman, on the other hand, is primarily motivated by the need to find a man who can offer economic support to her, her children, and possbly other relatives. (Henry 87)
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| References & Work Cited |
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Nazareth, Peter. "Interview with Sam Selvon." Ed. Nasta,Susheila. Critical perspectives on Sam Selvon. Washington, D.C. : Three Continents Press, c1988.
Henry, Frances. The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994.
Hardingham, Samantha. London: A Guide to Recent Architecture. London: Artemis, 1994.
Benson, Eugene, & W. Conolly, eds. Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. 2 Vols. New York: Routledge, 1994.
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