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Graduate Student Research Papers, Vol. 20

College of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Fu Jen Catholic University

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Kubla Khan across Centuries and Continents¡XThe Image of Kubla Khan from Marco Polo's The Description of the World to Eugene O'Neill's Marco Millions

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Hsi-chiang Lin (Kid Lam)

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Graduate Institute of Comparative Literature

 

Abstract

The kernel of this paper is to offer glimpses at the transformation of the image of Kubla Khan in Western literature, especially in Marco Polo's The Description of the World and Eugene O'Neill's Marco Millions. Western documentary provenience of the images of Kubla Khan will initially be traced in the introductory section. Subsequently, in the second section, through Polo's description, the Khan's image will be expounded in military, political, financial, and religious aspects in comparison with the realistic history of Yuan Dynasty. The third section deals with the poignant contrast between Occidental and Oriental philosophical thinking¡Xmaterialistic and idealistic perspectives¡Xwhich are exemplified via Daoism. In the conclusive section, the whole research reduces to the fact that, the transformations of the image of Kubla Khan from the thirteenth to twentieth century should not only be considered as a literary issue but also a sociological subject. Lam 1

 

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            ©¿¥²烈¬ï¶V®ÉªÅ¡A¦b¡m°¨¥iªi羅行¬ö¡n»P¡m°¨¥i¦Ê¸U¡n¤§¥~¡A¦è¤èÁÙ¦³³\¦h¤å¾Ç§@«~¤¤¥i見¨äÂA©ú§Î¶H¡C¬°¤H¼ôª¾ªº§@«~ÁÙ¦³­^°ê浪º©¥D¸q®É´Á¤j¸Ö¤H¬_勒律ªv(Samuel Taylor Coleridge¡A1772-1834)¤@¤K¤@六年ªº¦W¸Ö§@¡q©¿¥²烈¦½¡r(¡§Kubla Khan¡¨)¡A¥H¤Î¸q¤j利¤p說¦W®a¥ì¶ð羅¡D¥dº¸ºû諾(Italo Calvino¡A1923-1985)¤@¤E¤C¤G年ªº¤p說¡m¬Ý不見ªº«°¥«¡n(Invisible Cities)¡F¤]¦]¦¹¦è¤è¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº©¿¥²烈®É´Á¤¤°ê§Î¶H°£¥»¤å©Ò°Q論½d³ò¤§¥~¡AÁÙ¦³不³ÓªTÁ|ªº¥DÃD¥i¥H±q¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Çªº¨¤度¥Xµo¡C例¦p¥i¥H¡m行¬ö¡n¬°©l¡A±´°Q¡q©¿¥²烈¦½¡r¤¤ªº¤W³£(Xanadu)¥P¹Ò»P¡m¬Ý不見ªº«°¥«¡n¤¤ªº«°¥«§Î¶H¡F¬Æ¦Ü¡u¦è¤è¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº¤W³£§Î¶H¡v§Y¥i¦Û¦¨¤@¥DÃD¡C36¤S若´N©¿¥²烈§Î¶Hªº¥DÃDÄ~ÄòÂX®i¦Ü¼s¸qªº»X¥j¤j¦½§Î¶H±´°Q¡A«h¤S¥i±q¤Q¤K¥@¬öªk°ê¤å»¨¥ñº¸®õ(Voltaire [François-Marie Arouet]¡A1694- 1778)¡A»P­^°ê§@®a¿Ñ­¸(Arthur Murphy¡A1727- 1805)§ï½s¦Û»¯¤ó©t¨à¬G¨Æªº兩³¡¡m¤¤°ê©t¨à¡n(The Chinese Orphan)¼@§@¤¤¡A37±´°Q¦è¤è¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº¦¨¦N«ä¦½§Î¶H¡C更¶i¤@¨B¥Î¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç¼sªxªº°Q論½d³ò來¬Ý¡A¬Æ¦Ü¥i¥H±N金±eªºªZ«L¤p說¥[¤J¤ñ¸û¡G¡m®góç­^¶¯¶Ç¡n裡¦¨¦N«ä¦½»P¥|¤l©ì雷³£¬O­«­n¨¤¦â¡F¡m¯«ÀJ«L«Q¡n¤¤©¿¥²烈Ãï§LÁ¸¶§¡B»X­ô¬°­¸¥Û©Ò殺¡]Á¸¶§©²¾Ô§Ð¤S¥i參¦Ò¡m行¬ö¡n²Ä¤@¥|¤­³¹°¨¥i©ÒÄm¥H§ë¥Û¾÷§ð«°ªº«Øij¡^¡F¡m­Ê¤Ñ±O龍°O¡n¤¤¦¶¤¸¼ý°_¸q§Ü¤¸¡C¤Z¦¹³£¥i»P¥L°ê¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº»X¥j¤j¦½§Î¶H°µ¤@¥æ¤¬¤ñ¸û°Q論¡C

        ¨º»ò¨s³º什»ò¬O¡u§Î¶H¡v¡H½è¨¥¤§¡A¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº¡u§Î¶H¡v«üªº¬O¤@°ê¤å¾Ç¤¤¹ï異°ê§Î¶Hªº¶ì³y©Î´y­z¡F²{¥N§Î¶H¬ã¨sªº³þ°òªÌ¥d雷(Jean-Marie Carré¡A1887-1958)±N§Î¶H¬ã¨s©w¸q¬°¡u¦U¥Á±Ú¶¡ªº¡B¦UºØ¹C°O¡B·Q¹³¶¡ªº¬Û¤¬¸àÄÀ¡v(©sµØ2)¡C¦Ó«ö·Óªk°ê¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç¾ÇªÌ¤Ú¬X(Daniel-Henri Pageaux¡A1939- )ªº©w¸q¡A¤å¾Çªº§Î¶H³Qµø¬°¡u¦b¤å¾Ç¤Æ¡A¦P®É¤]¬OªÀ·|¤Æªº¹Lµ{¤¤©Ò±o¨ìªºÃö©ó異°ê¬ÝªkªºÁ`©M¡v(¤Ú¬X120)¡C¥t¤@¦ìªk°ê¾ÇªÌ²ö«¢(Jean-Marc Moura)«h«ü¥X¡A¡u¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Ç©Ò¬ã¨sªº¤@切§Î¶H¡A³£¬O¤T­«·N¸q¤Wªº¬Y­Ó§Î¶H¡G¥¦¬O異°êªº§Î¶H¡A¬O¥X¦Û¤@­Ó¥Á±Ú¡]ªÀ·|¡B¤å¤Æ¡^ªº§Î¶H¡A³Ì«á¡A¬O¥Ñ¤@­Ó§@®a¯S®í·P¨ü©Ò³Ð§@¥Xªº§Î¶H¡v(25)¡C®Ú¾Ú¤W­z½Ñ¦ì¾ÇªÌªº論­z¡A¦b±q¨Æ¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Çªº¬ã¨s®É¡A°£´N¤å¾Ç¤Wªº·N¸q±´°Q¤§¥~¡A¤´¶·´NªÀ·|¤Wªº·N¸q¶i行Æ[¹î¡C¨º»ò´N§Î¶H¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI來¬Ý¡A±q¡m°¨¥iªi羅行¬ö¡n¨ì¡m°¨¥i¦Ê¸U¡n¡A°£了¥»¤å«e¤T¸`©Ò­z©¿¥²烈¦b¤å¾Ç¤W§Î¶HªºÂàÅÜ¥~¡A¤S¥Nªí了什»ò¼ËªÀ·|¡B¤å¤Æ¤Wªº·N¸q©O¡H

        ­º¥ý´N¡m行¬ö¡n§@±´°Q¡C¥v´º¾E¦b¡m¤j¦½¤§°ê¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤´¿¸g¤Þ¥Î了¤@¬q­^°ê¤¤¥j¥@¬ö¾Ç®a¬ù¿«¡D§J里¦±利(John Critchley¡A1942- )ªº論ÂI¡A說©ú了¡uªi羅ªº不¤Z¤§³B¡A不¦b©ó¥Lªº©P¹C路½u¡A不¦b©ó¥Lªº¿W¯S¸g歷¡A不¦b©ó¥Lªº­Ó©Ê©M¤H®æ¡A¦Ó¬O¡A«Ü²³æªº¡A¥Lªº®Ñ¡A¥H¤Î¥L·|§¹¦¨³o¥»®Ñªº¨Æ¹ê¡C¦]¦¹³Ì­«­nªºÄ³ÃD¡A不¬O¥L¦p¦ó¼g¥X³o¥»®Ñ¡A¦Ó¬O¥L¬°¤°»ò¼g¥X³o¥»®Ñ¡v(25)¡C¦¨®Ñ­ì¦]¤§¤@«Ü¥i¯à¬O¬°了°Q¦n©¹來«Â¥§´µªº¨Ï¸`¡C¦]¦¹°¨¥i¥Î¹ï©ó·í®É»X¥j«Ò°ê¬Fªv¸gÀÙ¨î度ªº¬ö錄¡A¥[¤§¥H¦Û¤v¦b旅¹C¤¤©Ò見¹ï©v±Ð¡B¤å¤Æ¡B­·«Uªº¤j´T´y­z¦Ó¦¨®Ñ¡A¬°ªº¬O­n¯à®i²{¥L¨¬³ô©e¥H­«¥ôªº­Ó¤H¤~·F¡F¦¹¥~°¨¥i更ÂÇ´y­zªF¤èªº´IÄÇ»P¶}©ñ¡B»X¥j¤HÄ@·N¹µ¥Î¥X¨­§C·L¦ý©¾¤ß¯Õ¯Õªº¤UÄݵ¥²{¶H¡A¤ñ¹ï·í®ÉÄY­Vªº¦è¤èªÀ·|¤¤¶¥¯ÅÄY©ú¡Bµ×­^¶¥¯Å·¥力¾d©T¦Û¨­利¯qªº狀ªp¡A¦Ó¥H¦¹§@¬°¹ï¦Û¤v«°¥«ªº§å§P(27)¡C°²³]°¨¥i¯u¦³¦¹ªF¤è¤§行¡A¦Ó¡m行¬ö¡n¬°¤@¬ö¹ê¦Ó«D§ù¼¶¤§§@¡A¨º»ò³o¦ì°¶¤jªº旅¤H¡A¦P®É¤]¬O°¶¤jªº±Ô¨ÆªÌ¡]©Î³\¥Î說®Ñ¤H更¬°«ê·í¡A²¦³º¡m行¬ö¡n¬O°¨¥i¨­³´囹®F®É¤f­z¦Ó¦¨¡^¡A¥Î¡m行¬ö¡n§â»»»·¯«¯µªº´I±f¤¤°ê¤¶²Ð¨ì¦è¤è¡A¦b³o¼Ë¤@­Ó¡uªÀ·|¶°Åé·Q¹³ª«¡v裡¡A38©¿¥²烈ªv¤Uªº¤¤°ê¡]ªF¤è¡^¡A¦¨¬°¤@­Óªñ¦ü¡u¯Q¦«¨¹¡vªº異¨¹¡A¬°¤¤¥@¬ö¾Ô¤õÀW¤´ªº°ÊÀú¼Ú¬w¡]­^ªk¦Ê年¾Ôª§¡B«ô¥e®x«Ò°ê¤À±Y離ªR¡B¶Â¦º¯f¸v­hµ¥¡^¡A±a來¤@­Ó¬ü¦nªº¡u¥LªÌ¡v·Q¹³¡C¨º»ò©¿¥²烈¡A便¬O°¨¥i©Ò´y­z¬ü麗異¨¹ªº«Ø立ªÌ¡C¾Ú¡m行¬ö¡nªº´y¼g¡A³o¤ùÂ×ÄǤj¦aªºªF³¡Ãä½t¬O®ü©¤¡A¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ®ü路¨ì¹F¡A³o¤]¥´¯}了¦Û§Æ臘¦a理¾Ç®a¦«勒±K(Claudius Ptolemy¡Ac.100-c.170)¥H來°ß¦³¨ú¹D陸路¤~¯à©è¹Fµ·¤H¤§°êªºÆ[念¡A¶¡±µ«P¦¨了­ô倫¥¬(Christopher Columbus¡Ac.1451-1506)ªº·s¤j陸±´ÀI»P¦a理¤jµo²{¡C

         ¦A´N¡m¦Ê¸U¡n§@±´°Q¡C®Ú¾Ú¡m¤j¬ü¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ¡n(Encyclopedia Americana)©Ò¸ü¡A¬ü°ê§@¾Ô³¡(War Department¡A¤µ°ê¨¾³¡¤U陸­x³¡Department of the Armyªº«e¨­)¤@¤E¤G¥|年¤½§Gªº數¾Ú¡A¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô¤¤¦P·ù°ê»P¨ó¬ù°êÁ`¶Ë¤`¤H數¶W¹L¤T¤d¤C¦Ê¸U¤H(29:363)¡C¦b¾D¹J¦p¦¹­«¤j¨aÃø©Êªº¥Í©R·l¯Ó¤§«á¡A¾Ô«áªº¦è¤è¥@¬É¶}©l¹ï¶Ç²Îªº¹D¼w¤Î倫理»ù­ÈÆ[²£¥Í½èºÃ¡Aµ²ªG¬OÃhºÃ»PµêµL¥D¸qªºÄjº©¼Ú¬w¡C¾Ôª§¦A¦¸ÃÒ¹ê了¹Fº¸¤å(Charles Robert Darwin¡A1809-1882)¡mª«ºØ­ì©l¡n(On the Origin of Species¡A1859)裡´£¥Xªº¡u¾AªÌ¥Í¦s¡v·§念¡A¦ý¬O³o¡u³Ì¾AªÌ¡v«o不¤@©w¬O¹D¼w¤W¸û¬°°ª©|ªº¤@¤è¡C¦b³o¼Ë´¶¹M¥¢¥h¹D¼w¤Î¤ß靈¨ÌÂkªºª^³ò¤¤¡A¦è¤è¥@¬É¶}©l¹ïª«½è°l¨D¡A¸Û¦p¼Ú¥§º¸©Ò說¡A¡u¤H­Ì¸Õ¹ÏÂǵ۹鶴¥~¤§ª«ªº¦û¦³來«O»Ù­Ó¤Hªº靈»î¡Aµ²ªG¬O¥¢¥h了靈»î¡A連±aµÛ¤]¥¢¥h了¨­¥~¤§ª«¡v(劉®ü¥­¡B¦¶´ÉÀM20)¡C¦b¼Ú¥§º¸³Ð§@¡m¦Ê¸U¡n¤@¼@ªº¦P®É¡A¥¬列ªF(André Breton¡A1896-1966)©ó¤@¤E¤G¥|年µoªí了²Ä¤@¦¸¡q¶W²{¹ê¥D¸q«Å¨¥¡r(La Manifeste du Surréalisme)¡A©ó¬O¥G¼Ú¬w¤]¿³°_了¤@³õ¹ï¶Ç²Î理©Ê¥D¸q½èºÃªºÃÀ³N­²©R¹B°Ê¡F³o©Î¥i°µ¬°¼Ú¥§º¸³Ð§@¡m¦Ê¸U¡n®É¥N­I´ºªºµù¸}¡C

        ¼Ú¥§º¸»{¬°¬ü°ê¬O¦è¤è¤å©ú¥¢±Ñªº¨å«¬例µý¡C¡uÀHµÛ¦è¤è»ù­ÈÆ[ªº±Y¼ì¡Aªº¤W«Ò¦A¤]µL力¾á·í±Ï¥@¥Dªº¨¤¦â¡A¦ÓªF¤èªº¯«¯¦­õ¾Ç«ÅÁ¿ªº¶W²æ¡BµL¬°¡B¤Ñ¤H¦X¤@ªº«ä·Q«o¯àµ¹¨gļ不¦w¡B¯íµMµL±¹ªº¦è¤è¤H¥H¤ß靈¼¢ÂÇ¡A¨Ï¥L­Ì¯àÂǦ¹­«¶ì¤@­Ó¤w¸g³QºR·´了ªº靈»îÁ×Ãø©Ò¡AÀò¨ú¦b¼Ä¹ïªº¥@¬É裡¥Í¦sªº«i®ð¡v
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        ¡m¦Ê¸U¡nªº¬G¨Æ§ÀÁn¤Q¤À©_¯S¦Ó¨ã¦³«á³]ªº¿³¨ý¡J¹õ落«á¡A¥þ³õ¿O¥ú亮°_¡C«e±Æ¦³¤H¯¸°_¡A略Åãµt·N¦ü¥G­è­èºÎ¿ô¡A¤j¥´¨þ¤í¨Ã¦ù®i¤w¸g§¤³Â了ªº¤j»L«á¡A»PÆ[²³¤@°_À½¥X¤jªù¡C¼@³õªù¤f¦³¤@½ø»¨µØÃâ車¶}來§â¥L±µ¨«¡C©_©Çªº¥u¬O¦¹¤H¬ïªº¬O¤Q¤T¥@¬ö«Â¥§´µªºªA¸Ë¡C³o­Ó¤H¬O½Ö¡H¦¹¤H¥¿¬O°¨¥i¡Dªi羅¡C¨º»ò³o¼Ëªº¦¬³õªí¥Ü了什»ò¡H©Î³\·t¥Ü了¼Ú¥§º¸¦b§Æ±æ¥HªF¤è«ä·Q±Ð¤Æ¦è¤èªº¦P®É¡A¤´µM§t¦³µ·²@¹ïªº¦¹«e´ºªº´dÆ[¡C»R»O¤Wªº°¨¥i³Q¼@§@®a¥Î來«üºÙ¼Z落ªº¦è¤è¡AÆ[²³®u裡ªº°¨¥i«oºÎ²´´i§Ø離¶}¼@°|¡A­«·s¶}©l了¥Í¬¡¡C³o¬O§_·N¨ý¥Ã»·¦³±Ð¤Æ不§¹ªº°¨¥i¡H©ÎªÌ°¨¥iÁô¨­Æ[²³¸s¤¤¬Ý§¹¦Û¤vªº¬G¨Æ«á若¦³©Ò«ä¦a離¶}¡Hµª®×不±o¦Óª¾¡C¦ý¬O³o¼Ë«á³]¦¡ªº¼@¤¤¼@µ²§½¡A¤]³\¤S¬O¼Ú¥§º¸ªººë¤ß¦w±Æ¡A»PÁïÁï¯u¦P°¨¥i離§O數»y¤¤¥]§tªº¹D®a·N識»»¬Û©IÀ³¢w¢w

                 §Ú«D§Ú¡A I am not.

                 ¥Í¬O¥Í¡C Life is.

                 ¯B¶³½ª¤é¡A A cloud hides the sun.

                 ¤H¥Í°¿¥G´X³\¡C A life is lived.

                 ¤é復·ÓÄ£¡A The sun shines again.

                 ¤@切¥þµL§ïÅÜ¡C Nothing has changed.

                 ¤d¸ü¥ú¶§²×¦¨¦Ç¡A Centuries wither into tired dust.

                 ¯ó葉¼í·s露¦ÓĬ¥Í¡C A new dew freshens the grass.

                  ¦¹¹Ú復¦b¦ó¹Ú¤¤¡C39 Somewhere this dream is being dreamed.

(O'Neill 448)

 

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1 ©P寧©ó¡m²Ä¤G¤H類¡n¤Þ¦¶ªN¶Ô¡m¤¤¥~Ãö«Y¥v論¤å¶°¡n©Ò¨¥¡G¡u¥j¥N¤¤¦è¥æ³q¡A¹ê¥Hµ·º÷¶T易¬°¶}ºÝ¡C¦è¤è¤Hª¾¦³¤¤°ê¡A¥ç¥Hµ·º÷¬°«e´£¡C¦è¤è¤HºÙµ·»s«~¬°塞º¸°ò(Serge)¡A¦]ºÙ¤¤°ê¤ê塞利¥[(Serica)¡A¦ÓºÙ¤¤°ê¤H¤ê塞雷´µ(Seres)¡CSerªÌ¡Aº~»yµ·¤§Ä¶­µ¡v(9)¡C±d¤h林©ó¡qµ·º÷¤§°ê¥G¡H¶À¨FºÉ³Bªº®ü¥«¸Â樓¥G¡H¢w¢w¦è¤¸«e¤@¥@¬ö¦Ü¦è¤¸«á¤C¥@¬ö¦è¤è§@«~¤¤ªº¤¤°ê·N¶H¡r¤å¤¤«ü¥X¡]¦¹«á²ºÙ¡qµ·º÷¤§°ê¡r¡^¡G¡uSeres¤@¦rªººtÅÜ¡A¥t¦³¤@¸Ñ¬O·½©ó»X¥j¤åªºsirkek¡A¦¹¦r©M¤¤¤åªºµ·¦r¥H¤ÎÁú¤åªºµ·¦r¦³Ãö¡v(36)¡C

2 羅°¨¸Ö¤Hºû¦Nº¸(Virgil [Publius Vergilius Maro])¡A¥Í©ó¦è¤¸«e¤C¡³年¡A¨ò©ó¦è¤¸«e¤Q¤E年¡A¥v¸Ö¡m¥ì¥§¨È¼w¡n(Aeneid)ªº§@ªÌ¡C¨ä¡m¹A¨Æ¸Ö¡n(Georgics or On Farming)²Ä¤G³¹¤¤¹ïµ·裡µ·¤Hªº±Ô­z¦p¤U¡G¡uOf Aethiop forests hoar with downy wool, / Or how the Seres comb from off the leaves / Their silky fleece?¡v(II, 121)¡C

3 ¸Ô見±d¤h林¡qµ·º÷¤§°ê¡r¤å¤¤¡u¥j¨å拉¤B¸Ö¤H²´¤¤ªº¤¤°ê·N¶H¡v¡B¡u拉¤B¦a理¾Ç®a©M歷¥v¾Ç®aµ§¤Uªº¤¤°ê·N¶H¡v¡B¡u§Æ臘§@®aµ§¤Uªº¤¤°ê·N¶H¡v¤T¸`¡A­¶35-43¡F©P寧¡m²Ä¤G¤H類¡n²Ä¤@³¹²Ä¤@¸`¡q¥j¥N¡uµ·¤H¡v©Î¡uÁÉ里µ·¤H¡vªº¶Ç說¡r¡A­¶8-16¡C

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30 羅»«´Ë¡q¹D®a»P¶ø¥§º¸ªº¡m°¨¥i¦Ê¸U¡n¡r(Taoism and O'Neill's Marco Millions)¤@¤å­ì¦¬錄©óComparative Drama 14.3 (1980)¡G251-62¡C

31 ¡u¸t¤HµL¤v¡A´¼ªÌµL¥\¡A¨ä¹D不¬°¡A¨ä´¼©|µê¡A¥Í«D¨ä©l¡A¦º«D¨ä²×¡v¤@¬q­ì¤å¬°¡uThe noble man ignores self. The wise man ignores action. His truth acts without deeds. His knowledge venerates the unknowable. To him birth is not the beginning, nor is death the end¡v(O' Neill 433)¡C

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33 ¥»¸`¤¤¡m²ø¤l¡n¤Î¡m¹D¼w¸g¡n³¹句¡A¤Þ¦Û¡m數¦ì¸g¨åºô¯¸¡n<http://www.chineseclassic.com/>¡C

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Virgil [Publius Vergilius Maro]. Georgics. Virgil, with an English Translation by H. Rushton Fairclough. 1918. Trans. H[enry] Rushton Fairclough. Rev. ed. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library 63. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1954. 2 vols. 1954-56.

¬ù¿«¡D¬f朗¹Å»«(John of Plano Carpini)¡C¡m¬f朗¹Å»«»X¥j行¬ö¡n¡C¡m¬f朗¹Å»«»X¥j行¬ö¢A魯¥¬魯§JªF行¬ö¡n¡C¤¤¥~Ãö«Y¥v¦WµÛĶÂO¡C¯Õª@Ķ¡C北¨Ê¡G¤¤µØ®Ñ§½¡A2002¡C1-177¡C¡iĶ¦ÛJean de Plan Carpin. Histoire des Mongols. Trans. Dom Jean Becquet and Louis Hambis. Paris: Librarie d'Amerique et d'Orient, 1965.¡j

«Â廉¡D魯¥¬魯§J(Willian of Rubruck)¡C¡m魯¥¬魯§JªF行¬ö¡n¡C¡m¬f朗¹Å»«»X¥j行¬ö¢A魯¥¬魯§JªF行¬ö¡n¡C¤¤¥~Ãö«Y¥v¦WµÛĶÂO¡C¦ó°ªÀÙĶ¡C北¨Ê¡G¤¤µØ®Ñ§½¡A2002¡C179- 348¡C¡iĶ¦ÛWilliam of Rubruk. The Journey of William of Rubruk to the Eastern Parts, 1253-1255. Trans. W[illiam] W[oodville] Rockhill. London: Hakluyt Society, 1900.¡j¡i¸Ó®Ñ¦³¥t¤@¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡G«Â廉¡D魯¥¬魯§J(Willian of Rubruck)¡C¡m魯¥¬魯§JªF¹C°O¡n¡C¡m¥X¨Ï»X¥j°O¡n¡C§J里´µ¦h¤Ò¡D¹D´Ë½s¡C呂®úĶ¡C©P良¾]ª`¡C北¨Ê¡G¤¤°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1983¡C¡j

°¨¥i¡Dªi羅(Marco Polo)¡C¡m°¨¥iªi羅行¬ö¡n¡C¶¾©Ó¶vĶ¡C¨F®ü©ù¡]A[ntoine] J[oseph] H[enri] Charignon¡^µù¡C»O¤Gª©¡COpen 2/25¡C»O北¡G®É³ø¤å¤Æ¡A2000¡C

¬ù¿«¡D°Ò¼wºûº¸(John Mandeville)¡C¡m°Ò¼wºûº¸¹C°O¡n¡C¥ô­iĶ¡C¡m契丹¶Ç©_¡n¡C©P寧µÛ¢A½sª`¡C¡m¤¤°ê§Î¶H¡G¦è¤èªº¾Ç說»P¶Ç說¡]Western Images of China¡^¡n²Ä¤@册¡C北¨Ê¡G¾Ç­b¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2004¡C325-437¡C¡iĶ¦ÛMandeville, John. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. London: J. M. Dent; New York: E. P. Dutton, 1928.¡j

Pound, Ezra. A Draft of XXX Cantos. New Directions Paperbook 690. New York: New Directions, 1956.

O'Neill, Eugene. Marco Millions. Eugene O'Neill: Complete Plays 1920- 1931. The Library of America 41. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1988. 379-467. Vol. 2 of Complete Plays of Eugene O'Neill. 3 Vols. 1988.

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³¢Ä~¼w¡C¡q¶ø¥§º¸ªºÀ¸¼@³Ð§@»P¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç«ä·Q¡r¡C¡m¤sªF¥~»y±Ð¾Ç¡n¤@¤E¤E¥|年²Ä¤G´Á¡G35-41¡C¡m¤¤°ê´Á¥Z¥þ¤å數¾Ú®w¡G¤¤°ê´Á¥Zºô¤å¥v­õª©¡n¡C¤¤°ê¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡]¥úºÐª©¡^¹q¤lÂø»xªÀ¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A»O北¡C¤G¡³¡³六年¤G¤ë¤T¤é<http:// cnki.csis.com.tw/>¡C¡i«á¸g³¡¥÷§R´î¥tÃD¬°¡q¶ø¥§º¸»P¹D®a«ä·Q¡r¡A¦¬錄©ó¡mÀ¸¼@¡n¤@¤E¤E¥|年²Ä¤T´Á¡A­¶80-85¡C¡j

Koss, Nicholas. ¡§China in the Medieval Accounts of John of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruck.¡¨ Fu Jen Studies 28 (1995): 18-38.

雷¯Ç¡D®æ魯塞(René Grousset)¡C¡m»X¥j«Ò°ê¥v¡n¡CÅÇàµÄ¶¡C¯Î¿W°·®Õ¡Cº~Ķ¥@¬É¾Ç³N¦WµÛÂO®Ñ¡C北¨Ê¡G°Ó°È¦L®ÑÀ]¡A1996¡C¡iĶ¦ÛGrousset, René. L'Empire Mongol (1re phase). Vol. 8 of Histoire du monde. Ed. E[ugène] Cavaignac. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1941.¡j

·¨§Ó¨h¡C¡q¦Ê年來§Ú°ê¹ï¡m°¨¥iªi羅¹C°O¡nªº¤¶²Ð»P¬ã¨s¡r¡C¡m¤Ñ¬zªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¡n¤@¤E¤E六年²Ä¤G´Á¡C¡i±Ä錄¹q¤lª©¥»©ó¡m¤¤°ê¸gÀÙ¥v論¾Â¡n¤G¡³¡³¥|年¤T¤ë¥|¤é¡C¤G¡³¡³¤­年¤C¤ë六¤é¡C¤W½g<http://www.guoxue.com/economics/ReadNews.asp? NewsID=2689&BigClassID=17&SmallClassID=23&SpecialID=110>¡C¤U½g<http://www.guoxue.com/economics/ReadNews.asp?NewsID= 2700&BigClassID=17&SmallClassID=21&SpecialID=110>¡C¡j

¸â©i´µ¡D羅»«´Ë(James A. Robinson)¡C¡m¤×金¡D¶ø¥§º¸©MªF¤è«ä·Q¡G¤@¤À¬°¤Gªº¤ß¶H¡n¡C¾G¬f»ÊĶ¡C²Ä¤@ª©¡C·s¥@¬ö¸U¦³¤å®w¡G¥~°ê¤å¤Æ®Ñ¨t¡CÂn¶§¥«¡G遼寧±Ð¨|¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1997¡C¡iĶ¦ÛRobinson, James A. Eugene O'Neill and Oriental Thought: A Divided Vision. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1982.¡j

®}良利¡C¡q¥ì¨à¦½°ê¹ï¥~Ãö«Y¤§¦Ò¹î¡r¡C¡m´ò«n±Ð¨|¾Ç°|¾Ç³ø¡n15.1 (1997)¡G48-53¡C¡m¤¤°ê´Á¥Z¥þ¤å數¾Ú®w¡G¤¤°ê´Á¥Zºô¤å¥v­õª©¡n¡C¤¤°ê¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡]¥úºÐª©¡^¹q¤lÂø»xªÀ¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A»O北¡C¤G¡³¡³六年¤G¤ë¤T¤é<http://cnki.csis.com.tw/>¡C

·¨§Ó¨h¡C§Ç¨¥¡C¡m°¨¥iªi羅¹C°O¡n¡C°¨¥iªi羅µÛ¡CWilliam MarsdenĶ¡C¤j®v¸g¨å¤å®w¡C北¨Ê¡G¥~»y±Ð¾Ç»P¬ã¨s¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1998¡C¡i­ìPolo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. Trans. William Marsden. Ware, Herts., Eng.: Wordsworth Classics, 1997.¡j

¤¤§ø²E¡C¡q»X¥j®É¥N¡u¹D¦òª§論¡vªº¯u¹³¢w¢w©¿¥²烈²Îªv¤¤°ê¤§¹D¡r¡C³¯¤@»ïĶ¡C¡m»X¥j¾Ç«H®§¡n¤@¤E¤E¤K年²Ä¤Q¤@´Á¡C1-7¡C¡m¤¤°ê´Á¥Z¥þ¤å數¾Ú®w¡G¤¤°ê´Á¥Zºô¤å¥v­õª©¡n¡C¤¤°ê¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡]¥úºÐª©¡^¹q¤lÂø»xªÀ¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A»O北¡C¤G¡³¡³六年¤G¤ë¤T¤é<http://cnki.csis.com.tw/>¡C

³¯¬±À³¡C¡q¡m°¨¥i¡Dªi羅¹C°O¡n¤¤ªº¤¸¶r¡r¡C¡m¥ÌµÂ金¿Ä¡n¤@¤E¤E¤K年²Ä¤Q¤@´Á¡C58-63¡C¡m¤¤°ê´Á¥Z¥þ¤å數¾Ú®w¡G¤¤°ê´Á¥Zºô¤å¥v­õª©¡n¡C¤¤°ê¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡]¥úºÐª©¡^¹q¤lÂø»xªÀ¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A»O北¡C¤G¡³¡³六年¤G¤ë¤T¤é<http://cnki.csis.com.tw/>¡C

±d¤h林(Nicholas Koss)¡C¡qµ·º÷¤§°ê¥G¡H¶À¨FºÉ³Bªº®ü¥«¸Â樓¥G¡H¢w¢w¦è¤¸«e¤@¥@¬ö

¦Ü¦è¤¸«á¤C¥@¬ö¦è¤è§@«~¤¤ªº¤¤°ê·N¶H¡r¡CÁ´f­^Ķ¡C¡m¥LªÌ¤§°ì¡G¤å¤Æ¨­¤À»P¦A²{µ¦略¡n¡C»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç¬ã¨s©Òµ¦¹º¡C劉¬ö¿·¥D½s¡C»O北¡G³Á¥Ð¡A1999¡C33-51¡C¡iĶ¦ÛKoss, Nicholas. ¡§Chapter One: People from the Land of Silk: Ancient Latin and Greek Images of China.¡¨ The Best and Fairest Land: Images of China in Medieval Europe. Taipei: Bookman, 1999.¡j

Koss, Nicholas. The Best and Fairest Land: Images of China in Medieval Europe. Taipei: Bookman, 1999.

¥v´º¾E(Jonathan D[ermot] Spence)¡C¡m¤j¦½¤§°ê¡G¦è¤è²´¤¤ªº¤¤°ê¡n¡C阮¨û±öĶ¡COpen 1/19¡C»O北¡G»OÆW°Ó°È¡A2000¡C¡iĶ¦ÛSpence, Jonathan D[ermot]. The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds. New York: Norton, 1988.¡j

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©sµØ¡C¡q¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Ç論¤å½Ķ¡B¬ã¨s¥¾°O¡r¡C¥N§Ç¡C¡m¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Ç¡n¡C©sµØ¥D½s¡C北¨Ê¡G北¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡A2001¡C1-16¡C

Åý¡V°¨§J¡D²ö«¢(Jean-Marc Moura)¡C¡q¸Õ論¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Çªº¬ã¨s¥v¤Î¤èªk論¡r¡C©sµØĶ¡C¡m¤ñ¸û¤å¾Ç§Î¶H¾Ç¡n¡C©sµØ¥D½s¡C北¨Ê¡G北¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡A2001¡C17-40¡C¡iMoura, Jean-Marc. ¡§L'imagologie littéraire: Essai de mise au point historique et critique.¡¨ Revue de littérature comparée 66.3 (1992): 271-87.¡j

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