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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
1860-1935
Julia Hsieh/Á¨Øæ¢
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 Biographic Sketch
 Her Works

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 Biographic Sketch 

This great granddaughter of Lyman and Roxanna Beecher, and the granddaughter of Mary Beecher and Thomas Perkins, was born to be as distinguished as most of her Beecher relatives that were successful in many domains, such as laws (as William Gilman), education (as Catherine Beecher), writing (as Harriet Beecher Stowe) and religion (as Henry Ward Beecher). Despite her unhappy childhood, Charlotte Perkins Gilman turned out to be an activist that delivered speeches for the welfare of her people, of women in America.

A. Family Background and Education

When the difficult child of Mary and Thomas Perkins, Frederick Beecher Perkins, walked out on his wife (also his distant cousin), Mary Fitch Wescott Perkins, and their two children: Charlotte and Thomas, the family fell apart. Within the years when Mary still remained her marital relationship with Frederick, the children and the mother had a hard time striving to live a decent life with the sparse contributions from the father. Mary became protective to her children in an extreme way that she educated her children to be reasonable and to live an itinerant life. On July 3 rd, 1860, Charlotte Anna Perkins was born to a family, with the lack of stability. Mary cared for her children and moved frequently due to insufficient household income. When Gilman finally inherited property in her adolescent years, she received better education in a private school where she developed skills of elocution and art.

As a creative Beecher descendent, Gilman's remarkable talents brought her into a different world when she left home and enrolled the Rhode Island School of Design as a young artist and met Walter Stetson, who she married in 1884 and with whom she had a daughter. After baby Katherine's birth, however, Gilman was not overjoyed with the completion of the family; instead, she nearly collapsed and appeared to be postpartum depression. For better environment of health and spiritual recovery, she spent some time with her longtime friend in Pasadena, California, and was introduced to "Rest Cure" by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. That was when Gilman generated the idea of her most famous story, "The Yellow Wallpaper."

Gilman was convinced that the stifling domestic life and the conventional expectation bestowed on wife and mother were the reason that brought along her depression. Evidences rendered that the marriage life of Gilman and Walter did not go well due to crucial diversity in ideas of marriage and the domestic roles. With mutual consent and good will, the marriage dissolved in 1890s; Walter Stetson later married Gilman's friend Grace Channing. Gilman tearfully recalled how painful it was when she decided to send Katherine to live with the new family of Stetsons, but she revealed the truth that she did not want her beloved child to live a "fatherless life" like herself. Gilman became active in writing, having her works published, delivering speeches in various mass gatherings and activities concerning social welfare and related issues. She stepped into her second marriage with George Houghton Gilman, one of her first cousins, who encouraged her to devote to what she was fighting for, the welfare of women.

In 1890s, Gilman had been publishing her poems as Gilman Perkins Stetson. The Nationalist had her first poem "Similar Cases" and soon she was praised as talented and eloquent descendent that carried on the legacy of Beecher. William Dean Howells, the respected editor of Atlantic Monthly, deemed her works highly, and that further encouraged her to write actively. She then sent "The Yellow Wallpaper" to Howells, only to be rejected because the story was "terrible and too wholly dire," and "too terribly good to be printed"(Kessler 24). New England Magazine later published the story in 1892, and it was well received but was not analyzed with a feminist perspective until later.

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B. An acclaimed social activist and elocutionist


All through her life, Gilman appeared to be bonded with women more, in terms of relationship. In the early 1890s, Gilman became close with Adeline E. Knapp, the famous Dora/Delle in her life. She revealed a profound and intimate friendship with Adeline, and it is believed that the poem "To the Conquered" can be taken as a proof of the two women's affection toward each other. The relationship, nonetheless, turned lukewarm when Mary Perkins's health deteriorated as a result of cancer.

In 1909, in view of endeavoring in making publications that can activate dialogue with people, Gilman founded The Forerunner, with which she discussed political issues, women's issues and many social-related themes concerning human existence, such as religion, ethics and morality, motherhood and so on; Gilman strived to stimulate thoughts and offer practical solutions for social problems in life. The monthly magazine lasted for a few years with its insightful discussion and innovative conceptions before Gilman made a closure of it in 1916.

The discontinuation of the magazine spared her more time for writings. Gilman began to work on her autobiography, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published in 1935. Upon the unexpected distressful diagnose of breast cancer in 1932, Gilman grieved for her loss of Houghton Gilman in 1934 and moved to be near to Katherine in Pasadena. She committed suicide in 1935. Biographer Kessler contemplates on the death of Gilman as a way that "thoroughly consistent with the values by which she had lived"; Kessler regards her suicide as a reification of living a life with full control of her body and her life (40).

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 Her Works

"The Yellow Wallpaper" was considered her very first and prominent work that has taken effect on challenging the contemporary literary society. Gilman pointed out: the story "was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy;" she used the story to openly disagree with her own experience of being requested to quit any literary involvement and her contention of the general social expectation and regulation on women. According to Kessler, the story's powerful imagery of the juxtaposition of making wallpaper a prison and the release speaks for Gilman's identifying herself as an authentic self and a male-constructed self trapped in one body (40).

This Our World, Gilman's first book of satiric verses came out in 1893. She became more and more involved with her literary contemporary, so that the following year, she became the editor of Impress ( Bulletin ) and began to cultivate connection with radical feminist pioneers. The consecutive years, she traveled nationwide to deliver speeches and attested women's rights; at the same time, she began to compose her next influential book that had proved to shake the nation and challenge conventional perceptions on women.

With Concerning Children in 1900, Gilman proposed the idea of detesting corporal punishment. Like years later in the dedication, she thanked Katherine her daughter for making her learn, and she challenged the idea of women's ridden in domestic space with their children; as she pointed out, mothers need to let go of the babies and let both benefit in socialization. As similar as this book, The Home: Its Work and Influence published in 1903 contends series of myths about domestic life and generates new ideas that home is the place where a woman becomes subservient to her husband; the idea of stereotypical gender role of a mother staying home to maintain the domestic space whereas the father to provide the financial space actually stiffens and makes home a poorly ventilated space.

Published in 1911, Gilman's next powerful statement, The Man-Made World, was dedicated to Lester F. Ward whose Androcentric Theory and Gynaecocentric Theory helped her justify and exemplify how human development should actually be like. In Kessler's opinions, " presented a social constructivist view of gender difference and provided encyclopedic coverage of family, health, dress, the arts and literature, leisure, ethics and religion, education, law and government, crime and punishment, war and politics, industry and economics" (35).

In 1898, Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution was published, making a statement that it is economic dependence that has made woman the bondage of man and slackened social reform. This masterpiece has brought about comprehensive examination and argument and certified Gilman's intellectual leading role of feminist movement.

Herland was originally serialized in The Forerunner and later singled out as a book in 1979. This female utopian novel accounts for Gilman's humor and influence by Lester Ward's Gynaecocentric Theory again, with the plot of reviewing the contemporary feminist issues.

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Reference

Kessler, Carol Fairley. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. New York: Syracuse UP, 1995.

Miskolcze, Robin. et all. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 201: American Women Prose Writers, 1870-1920. Ed. Sharon M. Harris. Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Gale, 2000. 148-158.

Stone, Les. "Charlotte (Anna) Perkins (Stetson) Gilman." Contemporary Authors. Gage, 2003.

Lane, Ann J. Ed. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.
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