­^°ê¤å¾Ç­º­¶   /   The 19th Century ¤Q¤E¥@¬ö  /  §@®a  /  George Gordon Noel  Byron  ³ìªv¡E°ªµn¡E«ô­Û
George Gordon Noel  Byron
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¥D­n¤åÃþ¡GPoem
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ÃöÁä¦rµü¡GIntroduction to Literature 1998/1999 English Literature 19th Century Romantic Period Romantic Poetry

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1788-1824

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A.     ®a®x­I´º

«ô­Ûªº¤÷¿Ë¬ù¿«•«ô­Û¤W±L¡]Captain John Byron¡^¡A¤HºÙ¡uºÆ¨g¤ô¤â¡v¡A¥L»P¥ý«á¥ô©d¤lªº±B«Ã¤£¶È¬°¥L±a¨Ó°]´I¡A¨Ã¬°¥L²£¤U¤@¤l¤@¤k¡C¨ä¤l§Y¬°³ìªv•³ìµn•«ô­Û¡]George Gordon Noel Byron¡^¥Ñ¨ä¥À³Í¶ëµY¡]Catherine Byron¡^±Ð¨|¦¨¤H¡A¦Ó¨ä¤k¬°¶ø¥j´µÌH¡]Augusta¡^¥æ¥I¨ä¥À¨t¯ª¥À«J¼w¥§´µ¤Ò¤H¡]Lady Holderness¡^±Ð¾i¡C³Í¶ëµY¦Û«ô­Û¥®¦~®É¡A«K¸g±`¥Î¬G¨Æ¬°ÃD§÷¡A¬°«ô­ÛÁ¿­z¨ä¤÷¿Ë¤Î¨ä®a®xªº¸g¾ú¶Ç©_¡C«ô­Û±q¤p²`¨ü¥Rº¡·Q¹³¤Oªº¬G¨Æ¥H¤Î¸t¸g¨å¬G¤§¼vÅT¡A¹ï¤å¾Ç²£¥Í¿³½ì¡C

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«ô­Ûªº±¡¥v¥i¿×¨ä³Ð§@¤§¬u·½¡C¦b¦­¦~¥Xª©ªº¸Ö¶°¤¤¡A½á¶¢¤§®É¡]Hours of Idleness¡^¤Þ°_¸Öµû­Ìªºª`·N¡CÁöµM«ô­Û¹ï©ó¸Öµû­Ì²@¤£¯d±¡ªº§å§PÅã±o²@¤£¬°·N¡A¤@¯ë»{¬°¡A«ô­Û¦b¤§«áªº­^°ê¸Ö¤H¡]English Bards¡^»PĬ®æÄõµû½×¡]Scotch Reviewers¡^µoªíªº¿Ø¨ë¤å¤£¶È®i²{¨ä¶¯ÅGªº¤~µØ¡A¨Ã¤]¬O¹ï¤§«e­V¨èªº¸Öµû­Ìªº¤@¤j¤ÏÀ»¡C«ô­Ûªº¤åªö©ó¬O¶}©l¨ü¨ì¦U¬ÉªºÆf¥Ø¡AÂǥѦ¹«á¦h¦~ªº¸g¾ú¤Ï¬M¥X¥L¿W¯Sªº¤å­·¡A¦P®É¦b³Ð§@ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A®üù¶Q¤½¤l¡]Childe Harold¡^µ¥¤å¤wº¥º¥ªº¬ðÅã¥X¡u«ô­Û¦¡­^¶¯¡vªº¯S¦â¡A¥LªºÁ|¥@¥¨§@­ð¿X¡]Don Juan¡^¥¿¬O³Ð§@ªº¸g¨å¤§§@¡C

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«ô­Û34·³®É¡A¥L¥|·³ªº«D±B¥Í¤k¨à¨àÁ¢¹Å¡]Allegra¡^¯f³u©ó«ô­Û°U¥Iªº­×¹D°|¤¤¡A¾¨ºÞ«ô­Û²×¨ä¤@¥Í¨Ã¥¼©Ó»{¨àÁ¢¹Å¬°¨ä¿Ë¥Í¤k¨à¡A¤]¨Ã¤£©Ó»{¨ä¥L«D±B¥Í¤l¤k¡A¤@¯ë±À´ú¡A¨àÁ¢¹Å¤§¦º¥i¯à³y¦¨«ô­Û²ö¤jªº«sµh¡A¨Ã¦]¦¹­P¨Ï¥Lªº°·±d¨ü¨ì¼vÅT¡C¦¹«á¡A¦h¯fªº«ô­Û¨ÌµM©ê¯f°Ñ»P§Æþ¹ï¤g¦Õ¨ä«Ò°êªº¿W¥ß¾Ôª§¡A¥L³Ì«áªºÅå¥@¤§§@¥X²{¦b1824¦~¡A¦b§Ú¤Ê¤»·³ªº³o¤@¤Ñ¡]On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year¡^³o­º¸Öªí©ú¥L°±¤î¼g§@ªº¨M¤ß¡C¦P¦~¥|¤ë¤Q¤E¤é¡A«ô­Û¯f³u©ó§Æþ¡A¨É¦~36·³¡C

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George Gordon Noel Byron

1788-1824

 Early Life

     A. Family Background

     B. Becoming a Heir

     C. Education

 Adulthood

     A. Writing Performance

     B. Prominent Romantic Relationship and Liaison

 Last Years

     A. Fatal Buffet

     B. Died Abroad

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 Early Life
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A.     Family Background

Born on January 22, 1788, George Gordon Noel Byron was naturally lame.  The fact that he was born with a defective foot might trouble him throughout his life, yet he had shown his interest in literature since his childhood.  As a child of Captain John Byron who was notorious with a nickname “Mad Jack” and the Scots Heiress, Catherine Gordon, Byron grew up with his mother’s tales that at times romanticized the father’s fault and at times harshly criticized the Byrons.  Catherine Gordon brought up Byron with imaginative tales while the nurse affected Byron with Presbyterian biblical belief. 

B.     Becoming a Heir

Byron inherited the title from his great-uncle in 1798, and since then he acceded to the family estate of Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire.  Though Mrs. Gordon was fond of introducing her son as Lord Byron, the title did not bring Byron much substantial inheritance.

C.     Education

After being entitled, Byron received education at Harrow from 1801 to 1805.  In 1804, Byron attended Trinity College, Cambridge.  While in school, Byron was noted for his eloquence in oratory and verses.  There were rumors that Byron was a possible bisexual figure who might have affairs initially with his mates.  Since rather a young age, Byron was eminent for his pursuit of extravagant life.  Nevertheless, his excessive luxurious life brought him not merely numerous creditors, but the rage and indifference from his appointed guardian.  At any rate, Byron received a Master degree from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1805 and was prepared to take off in his literary career.

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 Adulthood
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A.     Writing Performance

In 1803, Byron wrote quite a few poems out of the love affair with his remote cousin, Mary Chaworth, who was engaged.  From 1804, he started to correspond with his half sister, Augusta, who was the daughter of Captain John Byron and his first wife, and was raised by her maternal grandmother.  His first and second publications of poetry, Fugitive Pieces and Poems on Various Occasions were published at his own expense anonymously.  Neither collections of poetry had brought him the reputation and controversy like Hours of Idleness.  Though being criticized, Byron appeared to be unaffected.  But later he reappeared with satiric productions of English Bards and Scotch Reviewers and thence, Byron was praised and evaluated highly.  The first work after his renowned satires were two cantos of Childe Harold, published by Robert Dallas in 1811.  The third canto was not finished until five years later.  It was brought to publication with The Prisoner of Chillon and other poems that Byron composed with the encouragement from Shelley.  Probably at the same time, Byron continued to work on Manfred and sent it to John Murray.  The theme of incest in Manfred aroused rumors and gossips once again, and made Augusta Leigh, Byron's sister, panic.  In 1817, Byron's financial situation being eased, he took his illegitimate daughter, Allegra to Palazzo Mocenigo, his residence.  It was during this time Byron began to compose his masterpiece, Don Juan.  Byron shocked his friends with his creation of On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year in 1824, implying his reluctance in writing.

B.     Prominent Romantic Relationship and Liaison

1.   Mary Duff – who Byron claimed that he loved since seven and could not get over until sixteen years old, after receiving the news that she is married

2.   Augusta Leigh – Byron's six-years-senior half sister, remained intimate correspondence with him since Byron was sixteen; their even closer relationship began when Byron was 25 years old.  Byron and Augusta remained bold and intimate courtship until they were filed to separate from each other

3.   Mary Chaworth – a distant cousin Byron fell in love with and created many poems for in 1803

4.   Teresa Macri – a twelve-year-old girl Byron courted when he was in Greence?, for whom he wrote Maid of Athens. Byron considered to take her with him on his journey, but Teresa’s mother demanded so high a price that Byron decided to send Teresa the poem instead.

5.   Lady Caroline Lamb – an importunate aristocracy running after Byron until he took her back to her family

6.   Lady Oxford – a successive pursuer of Lady Caroline, sixteen years older than Byron

7.   Annabella Milbanke – Byron's legal wife, for whom Byron had no affection; filed for separation from him after their daughter was born.

8.   Claire (Jane) Clairmont – also bore Byron a daughter, Allegra, who Byron did not recognize as his own blood.  Claire followed Byron for some time and introduced him to the Shelleys.  She was the one who copied several works of Byron, but was refused and ignored later in Byron's life.  Claire completely disengaged from Byron when Allegra died

9.   Marianna Segati – Byron's mistress in Venice

10.  La Fornarina – another mistress after Segati

11.  Teresa Guiccioli – a 19-year-old Contessa, who Byron had affair with and followed to Ravenna when he was in mid-thirties. 

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 Last Years
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A.     Fatal Buffet

Byron's illegitimate daughter, Allegra's death severely affected him.  It is said that Byron might feel being perished for Allegra's death.  Possibly, the poet’s health was affected by the buffet as well.  He even did not have patience to see through Leigh Hunt's The Liberal issued then left for the support of the Greek war of independence.

B.     Died Abroad

            After leaving Teresa Guiccioli, Byron set off to Greece with her brother, Pietro Gamba.  Byron sponsored and supported the Greek war entirely and put all his energy in the issue despite his poor health. Pietro Gamba was the one who brought Byron's body back to England on April 9, 1824.

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Reference

Coleman, Elliott.  Ed.  Poems of Byron, Keats, and Shelley.  The Programmed Classics, 1967.

Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography, Vol. 3: Writers of the Romantic Period, 1789-1832.  Gale Research, 1992.

Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 vols.  Gale Research, 1998.

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