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ÃöÁä¦rµü¡GIntroduction to Literature 1998/1999 English Literature 19th Century Victorian Period

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1830-1894

 
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Christina Georgina Rossetti

1830-1894

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 Early Life

     A. Family Background

     B. Begin to Shine

 Emotional Crises

     A. Nursing

     B. Refusal to Marriage

 Features of Work

     A. Sources of Inspiration

     B. Characteristics of Her Poetry

 Later Life

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 Early Life
¡@ A. Family Background

Born on December 5, 1830 in London, Christina Georgina Rossetti was the youngest child in the family.  Like her two brothers, William Michael and Dante Gabriele, and sister, Maria Francesca, Christina Georgina was educated at home by her well-read mother, Frances Lavinia Rossetti( who was the intellectual second daughter of an Italian émigré, Gaetano Polidori). 

The Rossetti children were all prominent for their literary performance.  Maria was a published author whereas William Michael and Dante Gabriele were strongly engaged in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.  After their father, Gabrielee Rossetti, was forced to give up his post in King's College, the Rossetti children endeavored to work to support the family.  And it was this time that Christina began to shine with her poetry.

B. Begin to Shine

Christina Rossetti was the favorite of the four children to her mother and maternal grandfather.  Strongly influenced by her revolutionary grandfather, Christina was encouraged strong in her writing.  At the age of 12, Christina dedicated her first verse to her mother.  Later, her poems were published with the help of her brothers.  Under the pseudonym Ellen Alleyne, she published, as she turned 20, 7 poems in The Germ the magazine sponsored by Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.  Not until 1862 did Macmillan accept for publication Goblin Market and Other Poems as books.

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 Emotional Crises
¡@ A. Nursing

When Gabrielee Rossetti was bed-ridden in 1843, all of the Rossetti children worked to help the family.  Maria started to teach when she was only 16; William worked as a clerk and began to be paid for literary employment later in 1850.  Dante Gabriele remained strongly attached to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and continued as an artist and poet whereas the youngest child of the family, Christina nursed the weak and partially blind father. 

Nursing was never easy for Christina.  Being the closest one to her father's sick bed, it is believed that Christina was influenced by the burden of this nursing job and hence became melancholy and ill.  As a result, poor health and sometimes hysteria appeared as an effect in Christina's poetry.

B. Refusal to Marriage

In 1848, Christina Rossetti was engaged to James Collinson.  This engagement later was broken off because of Collinson's conversion to Catholicism.  As an active participant in the High Church Movement, Rossetti refused Charles Bagot Cayley's marriage offer in 1862.  The reason may be that Cayley did not have a firm religious faith.  Yet, Rossetti valued and cherished the intellectual friendship with Cayley so this marriage refusal had shown a great impact of frustration on Rossetti's poems.

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 Features of Work  
¡@ A. Sources of Inspiration

Closely connected with her maternal grandparents, Rossetti was not merely encouraged by them in writing but influenced by a memorable visit to their place at Holmer Green.  As a child, Rossetti was thrilled by nature.  Rossetti creative wrote about the animals and creatures that she observed when she roamed in the countryside and zoos.  On her first visit of Regents Park Zoo with Dante Gabriele, Rossetti showed talent writing verses about birds such as canaries (that later appear several times in her dreams and poems). 

B. Characteristics of Her Poetry

Although Dante Gabriele held to his opinions that Christina Rossetti's melancholic disposition was due to her religious fanaticism, her works express her spirit of independent and liberal thoughts and unyielding resistance toward patriarchal society.  In addition, Rossetti seemed to hold back her frustration in love; instead, she instilled this frustrated love (due to the two unsuccessful marriage proposal) into her poems.  Thus, in many of Rossetti's early poems, a sense of sadness and melancholic perception can be perceived.

The theme of sisterhood is the most prominent charcteristic revealed in her poems.  Throughout her life, Rossetti maintained a close relationship with her family, especially her sister Maria and mother Lavinia.  Rossetti lived with her sister and mother from 1854 to 1873, and after William Michael's marriage to Lucy Madox Brown, Rossetti and her mother moved out because of the difference in religion.  Through working as tutors and teachers, helping various charity institutions and participating in the women's movement, Rossetti identified with Florence Nightingale and endeavored to help the poor and hence promote women's status.  Women such as her sister Maria, mother Lavinia and the maiden aunts Eliza and Margaret were sturdy support and intellectual companions to Rossetti all her life. 

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 Later Life
¡@ The1970s, Christina Rossetti took care of her siblings, mother and aunts.  Dante Gabriele became critically in 1967, and both Rossetti and her mother were devoted to Dante Gabriele until he died.  Despite her witnessing the deaths of beloved ones, Rossetti continually engaged in her religious writing for Anglicanism.  After 1865, Rossetti kept on writing poems and religious monologues, devotional prose, and children's verses, it took her 15 more years to complete another poem collection.  Because of cancer, Christina Rossetti passed away in the Torrington Square house in London in 1894. 

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Reference ¡@
Leder, Sharon with Andrea Abbott.  The Language of Exclusion: The Poetry of Emily Dickenson and Christina Rossetti.  NY: Greenwood P, 1987.
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