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Jane  Austen
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Jane Austen ¬Ã¡D¶ø´µ¥Å
1775-1817

Julia Hsieh Á¨Øæ¢


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Jane Austen

Julia Hsieh Á¨Øæ¢


 Main Family Circle
 
Close relationship
 
Writing and Publication
 
Austen's Writing Styles and Criticism on Her Works

 Main Family Circle


Possibly never did Jane Austen dream of her being one of the many iconic writers whose works are deemed the transcendent classics. She was the seventh child among the eight children in the Austen family. Born to Reverend George Austen and Cassandra Leigh Austen, Austen and her siblings were all encouraged to read and write, engaging in literature as much as possible. As George graduated from Tonbridge School at Oxford University , he spared no effort in educating and invigorating his children's intellectual life. The family lived a modest life that the religious parents tried to meet the ends by serving the parish, and yet, with Cassandra Austen's connection with her upper-social-ranking origin, the parson and his wife had provided their children with better learning environment, compared with other regular parson family. Nicknamed "Jenny," Austen had six brothers: James, the eldest son of the family, turned to be a rector of Steventon; George junior, the second son, was born handicapped and possibly suffered much in terms of physical and intellectual growth, was sent away at rather young age to a foster family for better care; Edward was adopted by Rev. George's benefactor Mr. Thomas Knight II of Godmersham Park at Kent; Henry followed his brother's footsteps into John's College and was a very active and adventurous person that later he joined the army, but returned to his homeland to be a clergyman with his cousin and wife, Elize, the widow of the French astocrat Jean Capotte, Comte de Feuillide. Cassandra, Austen's elder sister was born two years ahead of her remained her best friend and unmarried like her; Francis, the fifth son of the family, was educated at the Royal naval Academy in Portsmouth at twelve, and so did Austen's younger brother, Charles, the youngest son of the family. Francis and Charles turned out to be renowned officers that had served the country in West Indies .

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 Close relationship

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A. Female companions
 
Just like two main female characters Elizabeth and Jane Bennet in her famous work Pride and Prejudice , Austen remained a close relationship with her elder sister Cassandra all her life. As Rev. George provided his daughters equivalent chances of studies like Austen boys, the two Austen sisters were sent for study at Oxford college in 1783, under the instruction of Mrs. Cawley, the widow of the Principal of Brasenose College at Oxford . Nevertheless, before long, their cousin Jane Cooper wrote home to report the critical condition of the Austen sister's contraction of typhus, and hence Cassandra and little Jane were sent home. After that, the two girls were sent away to Mrs. la Tournelle 's Ladies Boarding School in Reading, Berkshire for one year; they returned home and remained a rather close intimacy with the family and led an uneventful life ever since. It is Cassandra's steady character and sturdy judgments that consoled Jane through good times and bad times. Moreover, after Tom Fowle, a young reverend who was once engaged to Cassandra, passed away in West Indies , Cassandra started her life half retreated and withdrawn from society.

Besides her sister, Austen grew a close friendship with Elizabeth, her cousin that married Comte Feuillide and later became her sister-in-law by marrying Henry Austen. the Austen sisters also befriended with their neighbors, Madam Lefroy, who was the intelligent and well-learned wife of one better-off reverand, George Lefroy in the parish of Ashe. Anne Lefroy, known as "Madam Lefroy to the Austens, had great influence on Austen in terms of her inspiring and encouragement on Austen in her writing and intellectual growth. Martha and Mary Lloyd, both of who were older than Cassandra and Jane Austen, remained close friends with the Austen girls until they left the parish. But Jane and Cassandra soon made friends with Elizabeth , Kitty and Alethea, the three unmarried sisters of the Bigg family.


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B. Possible romantic relationship
 


Despite Austen's private and unexciting life that was very much limited to the domestic circle, it is believed that the gifted writer was once introduced to "society" and even involved with several candidates of marriage for her. In 1795, Tom Lefroy who had just graduated from Trinity College , Dublin , paid his uncle Mr. Lefroy a visit. During two months, Tom and Jane were seen at several balls dancing and flirting, and that growing relationship did make Madam Lefroy concerned: as a good friend of the Austens and Jane herself, she was worried about the possible poverty-ridden future life of the two souls should they by any chance be married. Madam Lefroy, therefore, sent Tom away for his further legal studies in London , and Austen had never heard from him. Lefroy turned out to be the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland .

Austen's friendship with the Bigg-Withers sisters further acquainted her with their brother, Hrris Bigg-Withers. In the summer of 1802, when Cassandra and Jane stayed at Steventon for the short interval before returning to Bath , they visited the Biggs at Manydown. Harris Bigg-Wither proposed to Austen and she accepted it; only that the second day she regretted and withdrew her consent of marrying him.

Though other romances of Austens came in obscures, as Cassandra also burnt all of Austen's intimate letters, there were stories about her affection toward other suitable men for marriage, and among all, there was one whose sudden death probably desolated Austen so much that she disclosed her anxiety and distress of failing in love. As scholars interpreted her works with attention on how she described the emotional undergoing of her female characters through the happiness of being in love and the heartbreaks of being failed in love.

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 Writing and Publication


Women of Austen's time in early nineteenth century were mostly expected to fulfill two major roles: wife and mother. Though middle class women were given more liberty to acquire knowledge and intellectually involved in domestic circle and public domain, their major concerns toward life were very limited to their capacity to marriage market. The Austen girls were taught to read, to dance, Austen herself was much addicted to prose fiction and began to write very young at age, with her whole family as the readers.

About the age of eleven, Austen started writing the piece known as Juvenilia and finished it at around the summer of 1793. The proceeding year, she possibly composed the novella Lady Susan and began to work on Elinor and Marianne , which turned out to be renamed as Sense and Sensibility after her consecutive revisions in 1797. Some Austen scholars result her subsiding affair with Tom Lefroy and her later failure in love, in getting attention in several deliberately-arranged balls at the Lefroys' in Auten's initiation of First Impression , which she revised and renamed as Pride and Prejudice in 1811. Even though the first version of the novel was rejected by publisher Cadell, Mr. Austen was not discouraged and nor was his daughter. In 1798, Austen began to plan Susan ; she finished it and changed the name to Northanger Abbey two years later. The novel was sold to publisher Crosby in 1803, but he did not keep his words of bringing it out. The year after, she started to work on The Watsons but she left it unfinished. After several attempts and failures of having her works published, finally in 1811, Austen's Sense and Sensibility was brought out. This news hit Austen with inspiration and fortification about her works so that she kept revising First Impression and changed the name of the novel; Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813 winter, and this same year, Egerton granted for the publication of Mansfield Park . Austen did not rest thence, for she started to plan Emma and Persuasion in the succeeding two years, and she got Emma published in the winter of 1815. By this time, the health of this forty-five-year-old writer descended, but she strived to have Persuasion even on her sick bed. Strong-willed as she was, Austen started to write another novel called Sanditon , yet she was forced to drop it and left it unaccomplished in the spring of 1816. She deceased on July 18 th , 1817 and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. In the winter, Murray published Northanger Abbey and Persuasion with Henry Austen's biographical notices.

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 Austen's Writing Styles and Criticism on Her Works


One look into the plots and characters of Austen's works, we see her keen observation and skillful portraits of each heroines, which are usually the pivotal attention of her novels. With her vibrant sketch of women's life through daily dialogues and the doings of household chores, the readers are given chances to peek into Austen's contemporary condition. The witty dialogues and irony in the plots unveils the middle-class microcosmic domestic circle, which is the center of spot light that Austen's familiar with.

Austen's works are not simply about middle-class society, nevertheless, but a scrutinizing look into her depictions and settings, it is never difficult to find realistic pictures of her time, social or political environment and the lower-class community. For instance, in Pride and Prejudice , Austen discloses the fact that the controversial punishing measure of flogging was still practiced in her time; in Mansfield Park , the readers get glimpse of disparity between Fanny's family and Sir Thomas's household. In almost all her six novels, despite that she merely touched on the living stance of the minority groups with small portion of description, Austen did demonstrate the contrast of people's lives among different social hierarchies and status.

Scarce did Jane Austen made a big fortune out of her works, nor did she receive much attention from the public, but later scholars like Sir Walter Scott did pay compliment on Austen's rhetoric and realistic illustration of the characters and emotional sophistication in life. There were criticisms on the miniature of Austen's society, on her slow pace in description, on Austen's discretion of the passions, and on her "silent treatment" toward serious discrepancy of the rich and the poor.

An outstanding female writer of her time, in spite of the fact that women published writers might be deemed inappropriate and be maltreated with public hostility, Austen fought for the limitations and inequity of female stance in literary arena by writing and perseveringly submitting her works to magazines and publishers. The integrity of her styles in narration has drawn attention transhistorically. Till today, organizations like Jane Austen Society of North America (JASNA) still celebrates, appreciates and reminds us how much Austen has dedicated to literature and the knowledge of her time through her vigorous heroines that speak for her.

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Reference

Jones, Darryl. Jane Austen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

Kelly, Gary. "Jane Austen." Ed. Bradford K. Mudge. Dictionary of Literary Biography: British Romantic Novelists, 1789-1832. Vol. 116. Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Gale Group, 1992. 3-35.

Le Faye, Deirdre. The British Library Writers' Lives: Jane Austen. London: The British Library, 1998.

Maupin, Amy B. "Jane Austen." Ed. Ted Hipple. Writers for Young Adults. Supplement I . Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000. Gale Group.

Shields, Carol. Jane Austen. New York : Viking Penguin, 2001.

Southam, Brian. "Jane Austen." British Writers. Vol. 4. The Scribner Writers Series. British Council, 1981. 101-124.

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